| 1. | EXECUTIVE INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Structure of this report |
| 1.2. | Types of haptics: features |
| 1.3. | Type of haptics: applications and examples |
| 1.4. | Technology readiness and adoption |
| 1.5. | Types of haptics: technology |
| 1.6. | Haptic actuation technologies: key SWOT |
| 1.7. | The incumbent technologies: ERM and LRA |
| 1.8. | Displacing the incumbent technologies |
| 1.9. | Emerging haptics find their niches |
| 1.10. | Old markets are faced with challenges |
| 1.11. | Haptics revenue over time (historic data & forecast) |
| 1.12. | New markets provide the greatest opportunities |
| 1.13. | Haptics revenue by device type, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 1.14. | Automotive |
| 1.15. | Haptics in vehicle interiors: Examples |
| 1.16. | Haptics revenue by type of haptics, historic (2011-2021) |
| 1.17. | Haptics revenue by type of haptics, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 1.18. | Haptics revenue by device type, historic (2011-2021) |
| 1.19. | Haptics revenue by actuator technology, historic (2011-2021) |
| 1.20. | Haptics revenue by actuator technology, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 1.21. | The potential value-adds from haptic feedback |
| 1.22. | What has happened in the last two years? |
| 1.23. | Summary table of key forecast data |
| 1.24. | Company Profiles |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION OF HAPTICS TECHNOLOGIES |
| 2.1. | How the sense of touch works |
| 2.2. | Types of haptics (1) |
| 2.3. | Types of haptics (2) |
| 2.4. | Core vs peripheral haptics |
| 2.5. | Technology readiness and adoption |
| 2.6. | What has happened in the last two years? |
| 3. | ELECTROMAGNETIC HAPTIC ACTUATORS: ERMS, LRAS, VCMS AND EMERGING OPTIONS |
| 3.1.1. | Introduction: electromagnetic actuators |
| 3.2. | Eccentric Rotating Mass Motors (ERM motors or ERMs) |
| 3.3. | Introduction: ERM motors |
| 3.3.1. | ERM Drivers |
| 3.3.2. | Varying response from an ERM motor |
| 3.3.3. | SWOT Analysis - ERM Motors |
| 3.4. | Linear resonant actuators (LRAs) |
| 3.4.1. | LRA Structure |
| 3.4.2. | LRA Structure |
| 3.4.3. | Apple's Taptic Engine |
| 3.4.4. | LRA properties and performance |
| 3.4.5. | LRA Drivers |
| 3.4.6. | Varying responses in an LRA |
| 3.4.7. | SWOT: Linear Resonant Actuators (LRAs) |
| 3.4.8. | Voice coil motors (VCMs) and custom electromagnetic actuators |
| 3.5. | Voice coil motor structure |
| 3.5.1. | Nidec Sankyo: VCMs for haptics |
| 3.5.2. | TITAN Haptics (formerly a part of Nanoport) |
| 3.5.3. | Miraisens |
| 3.5.4. | Actronika |
| 3.5.5. | SWOT: Voice coil motors (VCMs) |
| 3.6. | Performance enhancement with multiple actuators |
| 3.6.1. | General Vibration: "SAVANT" |
| 3.6.2. | SAVANT with ERM motors - the Gemini Drive |
| 3.6.3. | General Vibration - LRA SAVANTs |
| 3.7. | Electromagnetic haptics: Actuator and driver suppliers |
| 3.7.1. | Electromagnetic haptic actuator suppliers: Summary |
| 3.7.2. | Trends and themes in the actuator market |
| 3.7.3. | Differentiation between actuator suppliers |
| 3.7.4. | Five Forces (Porter) analysis for electromagnetic actuator suppliers |
| 3.7.5. | Electromagnetic haptic driver suppliers: Summary |
| 3.7.6. | Themes and trends in the haptics driver market |
| 4. | PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS |
| 4.1. | Technology Analysis of Piezoelectric Actuators |
| 4.1.1. | Background and definitions |
| 4.1.2. | Piezoelectric haptic actuators |
| 4.1.3. | Piezoelectric effect |
| 4.1.4. | Piezoelectric actuator materials |
| 4.1.5. | Piezoelectric composites are also an option |
| 4.1.6. | Value chain for piezoelectric actuators |
| 4.1.7. | Device integration |
| 4.1.8. | Challenges with integration: Durability |
| 4.1.9. | Driver innovation |
| 4.1.10. | Use cases for piezoelectric haptics |
| 4.1.11. | Coupled sensor-actuator systems with piezoelectrics |
| 4.1.12. | Use in surface haptics |
| 4.1.13. | SWOT: Piezoelectric Ceramics |
| 4.2. | Company examples |
| 4.2.1. | Aito |
| 4.2.2. | Boréas Technologies |
| 4.2.3. | Texas Instruments |
| 4.2.4. | TDK |
| 4.2.5. | hap2U |
| 4.2.6. | ASLA Tech |
| 4.2.7. | Other players |
| 5. | ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS (EAPS) |
| 5.1.1. | Types of electroactive polymer (EAP) |
| 5.1.2. | Types of electroactive polymer (continued) |
| 5.1.3. | Comparing physical properties of EAPs |
| 5.2. | Piezoelectric Polymers |
| 5.2.1. | Background and Definitions: Piezoelectric constants |
| 5.2.2. | Why use a polymer? - Materials Choices |
| 5.2.3. | PVDF-based polymer options for haptic actuators |
| 5.2.4. | Novasentis / Kemet |
| 5.2.5. | Example demonstrator with polymeric haptics |
| 5.2.6. | SWOT: Piezoelectric polymers |
| 5.3. | Dielectric elastomers (DEAs) |
| 5.3.1. | Comparing DEAs with Ceramics and SMAs |
| 5.3.2. | Dielectric elastomers as haptic actuators |
| 5.3.3. | Artificial Muscle |
| 5.3.4. | Toyoda Gosei |
| 5.3.5. | Leap Technology & ElastiSense |
| 5.3.6. | CT Systems |
| 5.3.7. | SWOT: Dielectric elastomers |
| 5.4. | Conclusions: Soft actuators |
| 5.4.1. | Technology benchmarking: Soft actuators |
| 6. | SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS (SMAS) |
| 6.1. | Introduction to shape memory alloys |
| 6.2. | Deploying SMA as conventional haptic actuators |
| 6.3. | SMA haptics: some metrics |
| 6.4. | SWOT: SMAs |
| 7. | SURFACE HAPTICS, DISPLAY HAPTICS & VARIABLE FRICTION |
| 7.1.1. | Surface haptics & display haptics: Introduction |
| 7.1.2. | Introduction: Surface haptics |
| 7.1.3. | Market forecast: surface haptics |
| 7.2. | Surface haptics with traditional actuator technologies |
| 7.2.1. | Bending wave haptic feedback |
| 7.2.2. | Redux ST acquired by Alphabet |
| 7.2.3. | Nidec Copal - surface haptics |
| 7.2.4. | SMK Electronics |
| 7.2.5. | Innolux |
| 7.2.6. | Taiyo Yunden |
| 7.2.7. | SWOT: Surface haptics with traditional actuators |
| 7.3. | Electrostatic Friction (ESF) |
| 7.3.1. | Electrostatic Friction (ESF) |
| 7.3.2. | Tanvas |
| 7.3.3. | Tanvas' new technology on flex surfaces |
| 7.3.4. | O-Film's acquisition of Senseg |
| 7.3.5. | SWOT: Electrostatic Friction |
| 7.4. | Ultrasonic Vibration (USV) |
| 7.4.1. | Ultrasonic Vibration (USV) |
| 7.4.2. | hap2U |
| 7.4.3. | Taiyo Yuden |
| 7.4.4. | SWOT: Ultrasonic vibration |
| 7.5. | Other types of surface haptics |
| 7.6. | Tactile shear feedback |
| 7.6.1. | Tactical Haptics: custom VR controllers |
| 7.6.2. | Shear forces for variable friction displays |
| 7.6.3. | Example from TDK |
| 7.7. | Microfluidic haptics |
| 7.7.1. | Tactus Technology |
| 7.7.2. | Microfluidics: Tactus Technology |
| 7.7.3. | Other microfluidic haptics: HaptX |
| 7.8. | Surface haptics: Conclusions |
| 7.8.1. | Technology benchmarking: Surface haptics |
| 7.8.2. | Conclusions: Surface haptics |
| 8. | BUTTON HAPTICS |
| 8.1. | Haptics for button replacement |
| 8.2. | Button haptics: Examples |
| 8.3. | Button haptics in smartphones? |
| 8.4. | Market forecast: Button haptics |
| 9. | CONTACTLESS HAPTICS |
| 9.1. | Background: Contactless haptics |
| 9.2. | Ultrasonic haptics |
| 9.3. | Ultraleap |
| 9.4. | Ultraleap: Mid-air haptics for automotive |
| 9.5. | Metasonics |
| 9.6. | Hanyang University |
| 9.7. | Air Vortex |
| 9.8. | Technology comparison for contactless haptics |
| 9.9. | The commercial reality |
| 9.10. | Contactless haptics revenue, historic (2011-2021) |
| 9.11. | Contactless haptics revenue, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 10. | KINAESTHETIC HAPTICS |
| 10.1.1. | Kinaesthetic haptics |
| 10.1.2. | Medical |
| 10.1.3. | Gaming controllers |
| 10.1.4. | Data and forecast for kinaesthetic haptics |
| 10.2. | Related topic: Power-assist exoskeletons and apparel |
| 10.2.1. | Power assist exoskeletons |
| 10.2.2. | The relationship between assistive devices and kinaesthetic haptics |
| 10.3. | Roots in medical rehabilitation |
| 10.3.1. | Example: Ekso Bionics |
| 10.3.2. | Samsung & SAIT |
| 10.3.3. | Rehabotics Medical Technology |
| 10.3.4. | Rehabotics Medical Technology |
| 10.3.5. | BrainCo: create affordable smart prosthetics |
| 10.3.6. | Neofect: Rapael smart glove for home rehab |
| 10.4. | Towards other application areas |
| 10.4.1. | Seoul National University |
| 10.4.2. | SenseGlove |
| 10.4.3. | Smart-Ship |
| 10.4.4. | Teslasuit |
| 10.4.5. | AIM and Racer |
| 10.4.6. | Geographical and market trends |
| 11. | OTHER EMERGING HAPTIC TECHNOLOGIES |
| 11.1. | Thermal haptics |
| 11.1.1. | Thermal haptics and thermoreceptors |
| 11.1.2. | Thermoelectric cooler (Peltier devices) |
| 11.1.3. | National University of Singapore - Ambiotherm |
| 11.1.4. | MIT - the scuba diving simulator Amphibian |
| 11.1.5. | Thermal-resistive heaters |
| 11.1.6. | Seoul National University - stretchable thermal haptic glove |
| 11.1.7. | Commercialisation of thermal haptics |
| 11.1.8. | TEGway - thermal haptic glove |
| 11.1.9. | WeART - fingertip thermal haptics |
| 11.1.10. | SWOT: thermal haptics |
| 11.1.11. | Summary of thermal haptics |
| 11.2. | Robotic haptic sensing |
| 11.2.1. | Introduction to robotic haptic sensing |
| 11.2.2. | Material classification by robotic haptics |
| 11.2.3. | Tactile sensors |
| 11.2.4. | Dexterous manipulation and picking |
| 11.2.5. | Minimally invasive surgery |
| 11.2.6. | Smart skin |
| 11.2.7. | Example: SynTouch |
| 11.2.8. | Example: Robotiq |
| 11.2.9. | Summary of robotic haptic sensing |
| 12. | TECHNOLOGY LICENSING IN HAPTICS |
| 12.1. | Introduction: Technology licensing |
| 12.2. | Introduction: Technology licensing in haptics |
| 12.3. | Immersion Corporation |
| 12.4. | Key patent portfolio |
| 12.5. | Litigation underpins revenue |
| 12.6. | Major settlements |
| 12.7. | License revenues over time |
| 12.8. | Revenue by industry sector over time |
| 12.9. | Outlook and conclusions |
| 12.10. | Licensing revenue relative to total revenue |
| 12.11. | General conclusions and outlook: Haptics licensing |
| 12.12. | Value chain summary |
| 13. | MARKETS AND FORECASTS: INTRODUCTION |
| 13.1.1. | Methodology and high-level forecasts |
| 13.2. | Baselines and assumptions |
| 13.2.1. | Forecast details and assumptions |
| 13.2.2. | Device sales drive haptics sales (historic data & forecast) |
| 13.2.3. | More devices are adding haptics (historic data & forecast) |
| 13.2.4. | Haptics spend per device is increasing (historic data & forecast) |
| 13.2.5. | Haptics revenue over time (historic data & forecast) |
| 13.3. | Haptics forecasts as a derivative of device forecasts |
| 13.3.1. | Sales volumes of devices that contain haptics, historic (2011-2021) |
| 13.3.2. | Sales volumes of devices that contain haptics, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 13.4. | Haptics market data by system type |
| 13.4.1. | Haptics revenue by type of haptics, historic (2011-2021) |
| 13.4.2. | Haptics revenue by type of haptics, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 13.4.3. | Haptics revenue by device type, historic (2011-2021) |
| 13.4.4. | Haptics revenue by device type, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 13.5. | Haptics market data by technology |
| 13.5.1. | Haptics revenue by actuator technology, historic (2011-2021) |
| 13.5.2. | Haptics revenue by actuator technology, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 14. | HAPTICS IN SMARTPHONES |
| 14.1. | Introduction: Haptics in smartphones |
| 14.2. | Smartphone haptics revenue, historic (2011-2021) |
| 14.3. | Smartphone haptics revenue, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 15. | HAPTICS IN GAMING (CONSOLE & HANDHELD) |
| 15.1. | Introduction: Haptics in console gaming |
| 15.2. | PS3 (DualShock 3) - Summary |
| 15.3. | PS4 (DualShock 4) - Summary |
| 15.4. | PS5 (DualSense) - Summary |
| 15.5. | Xbox 360 - Summary |
| 15.6. | Xbox One - Summary |
| 15.7. | Xbox Series X - Summary |
| 15.8. | Nintendo Switch - Summary |
| 15.9. | Gaming (controllers) haptics revenue, historic (2011-2021) |
| 15.10. | Gaming (controllers) haptics revenue, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 15.11. | Introduction: Haptics in handheld gaming |
| 15.12. | Steam Deck - Summary |
| 15.13. | Handheld gaming haptics revenue, historic (2011-2021) |
| 15.14. | Handheld gaming haptics revenue, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 16. | HAPTICS IN VR |
| 16.1. | Stimulating the senses: Sight, sound, touch and beyond |
| 16.2. | Haptics in mainstream VR 2022 |
| 16.3. | PlayStation Move (PSVR controller) |
| 16.4. | Oculus Touch (Oculus Rift controller) |
| 16.5. | Oculus Quest 2 |
| 16.6. | HTC Vive controller |
| 16.7. | Valve Index |
| 16.8. | Haptics in controllers: inertial and surface actuation |
| 16.9. | Example: Surface actuation on a controller |
| 16.10. | Motion simulators and vehicles: established platforms |
| 16.11. | Motion simulators are still used to show off VR |
| 16.12. | Examples: personal VR motion simulators and vehicles |
| 16.13. | Examples: personal VR motion simulators and vehicles |
| 16.14. | Wearable haptic interfaces in VR |
| 16.15. | Wearable haptic interfaces - rings |
| 16.16. | Commercial examples: Interhaptics |
| 16.17. | Wearable haptic interfaces - gloves |
| 16.18. | Examples: Virtuix, NeuroDigital Technologies |
| 16.19. | Meta microfluidic glove |
| 16.20. | Wearable haptic interfaces - shoes |
| 16.21. | Commercial examples: Nidec, CEREVO, and others |
| 16.22. | Wearable haptic interfaces - harnesses and apparel |
| 16.23. | Skinetic VR vest by Actronika |
| 16.24. | bHaptics Inc. |
| 16.25. | Wearable haptic interfaces - exoskeletons |
| 16.26. | Commercial examples: Dexta Robotics |
| 16.27. | Exoskeletons for VR |
| 16.28. | Manipulandums in VR |
| 16.29. | FundamentalVR - haptics for training surgeons in VR |
| 16.30. | Robotics: Hacking existing platforms to build kinaesthetic haptics |
| 16.31. | The case for contactless haptics in VR |
| 16.32. | XR haptics revenue, historic (2011-2021) |
| 16.33. | XR haptics revenue, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 17. | HAPTICS IN WEARABLES |
| 17.1. | Consumer Electronics: Wearables |
| 17.2. | Apple Watch Series 7 - teardown |
| 17.3. | Xiao Mi Band 6 - teardown |
| 17.4. | Wearables haptics revenue, historic (2011-2021) |
| 17.5. | Wearables haptics revenue, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 18. | HAPTICS IN OTHER CONSUMER ELECTRONICS |
| 18.1. | Consumer Electronics: Tablets |
| 18.2. | Consumer Electronics: Laptops |
| 18.3. | Sensel: VCMs for laptop trackpads |
| 19. | HAPTICS IN AUTOMOTIVE |
| 19.1. | Automotive |
| 19.2. | Haptics in vehicle interiors: Examples |
| 19.3. | Haptics in vehicle steering wheels |
| 19.4. | Example: Mercedes Benz |
| 19.5. | Example: Hyundai cockpit of the future |
| 19.6. | Haptics in car seats |
| 19.7. | Examples: GM Safety Alert Seat |
| 19.8. | Example: Nidec targeting the automotive sector |
| 19.9. | Haptics in accelerator pedals |
| 19.10. | Example: Mercedes |
| 19.11. | Haptics in vehicle centre consoles |
| 19.12. | Example: Audi MMI |
| 19.13. | Example: Nissan Ariya |
| 19.14. | Contactless haptics for automotive: Bosch and Ultrahaptics |
| 19.15. | Example: Bosch and Kyocera |
| 19.16. | Automotive haptics revenue, historic (2011-2021) |
| 19.17. | Automotive haptics revenue, forecast (2022-2033) |
| 20. | OTHER HAPTICS |
| 20.1. | Home appliance, commercial and other uses |
| 21. | SUMMARY OF THE MARKET FORECASTS |
| 21.1. | Haptics market data by device types |
| 21.1.1. | Haptics revenue by device type Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.1.2. | Smartphone haptics revenue Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.1.3. | Gaming (controllers) haptics revenue Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.1.4. | VR haptics revenue Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.1.5. | Handheld gaming haptics revenue Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.1.6. | Wearables haptics revenue Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.1.7. | Automotive haptics revenue Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.2. | Haptics market data by technology |
| 21.2.1. | Haptics revenue by type of haptics Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.2.2. | Haptics revenue by actuator technology Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.2.3. | Display haptics revenue Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.2.4. | Button haptics revenue Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 21.2.5. | Kinaesthetic haptics revenue Historic (2010-2021) & forecast (2022-2033) |
| 22. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 22.1. | Company Profiles - 55 companies profiled |