| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 
| 1.1. | Interest in wearable health is growing | 
| 1.2. | Roadmap of wearable sensor technology segmented by key biometrics | 
| 1.3. | Wearable devices for medical and wellness applications increasingly overlap | 
| 1.4. | Main health conditions targeted by wearable health technology | 
| 1.5. | Prosumer demand for wearables can impact trends in the mass market | 
| 1.6. | New sensors and e-textiles can expand the market for wearable fitness technology | 
| 1.7. | Wearable motion sensors: Introduction | 
| 1.8. | Overview of emerging use-cases for wearable motion sensors | 
| 1.9. | MEMS-based IMUs for wearable motion sensing: SWOT | 
| 1.10. | Wearable motion sensors: Conclusions | 
| 1.11. | Wearable optical sensors: Introduction | 
| 1.12. | Market outlook and technology readiness of wearable blood pressure | 
| 1.13. | Wearable optical sensors: SWOT | 
| 1.14. | Optical sensors: conclusions and outlook | 
| 1.15. | Wearable optical imaging: Introduction | 
| 1.16. | Optical imaging for wearables: SWOT | 
| 1.17. | Optical imaging for wearables: key conclusions | 
| 1.18. | Overview of wearable electrode types | 
| 1.19. | Wearable electrodes: applications and product types | 
| 1.20. | Consolidated SWOT of wearable electrodes | 
| 1.21. | Wearable electrodes: conclusions and outlook | 
| 1.22. | Wearable force and strain sensing | 
| 1.23. | Wearable force/pressure sensors: SWOT | 
| 1.24. | Wearable force/pressure sensors: conclusions and outlook | 
| 1.25. | SWOT: Wearable strain sensors: | 
| 1.26. | Conclusions and outlook: Wearable strain sensors | 
| 1.27. | Wearable temperature sensors | 
| 1.28. | SWOT: Wearable temperature sensors | 
| 1.29. | Conclusions and outlook: Wearable temperature sensors | 
| 1.30. | Wearable chemical sensing | 
| 1.31. | SWOT: Chemical glucose sensors | 
| 1.32. | Conclusions and outlook: Chemical wearable sensors for glucose sensing | 
| 1.33. | Novel biometrics and sensing methods | 
| 1.34. | Readiness level and market potential: Wearable sensors for novel biometrics | 
| 1.35. | Conclusions and outlook: Wearable sensors for novel biometrics | 
| 2. | INTRODUCTION | 
| 2.1. | Introduction to wearable sensors | 
| 2.2. | Wearable technology takes many form factors | 
| 2.3. | Overview of wearable sensor types | 
| 2.4. | Connecting form factors, sensors and metrics | 
| 2.5. | How is wearable sensor data used? | 
| 2.6. | Definitions of sensors within devices | 
| 2.7. | Interest in wearable health monitoring is growing | 
| 2.8. | Can new wearable sensors persuade mass-market consumers to switch brands? | 
| 2.9. | New sensors and e-textiles can expand the market for wearable fitness technology | 
| 2.10. | Combining wearable health data with environmental and food-safety: An emerging opportunity | 
| 2.11. | Trends in wearables for digital health: from node to network | 
| 2.12. | The health insurance sector expands the market for consumer wearables | 
| 2.13. | Virtual reality depends on wearable sensors for immersion | 
| 2.14. | VR headsets revenue forecast reflects growth opportunity for wearable sensors | 
| 2.15. | Roadmap of wearable sensor technology segmented by key biometrics | 
| 3. | MARKET FORECASTS | 
| 3.1. | Forecasting: introduction and definitions | 
| 3.2. | Definitions and categorisation for sensor types | 
| 3.3. | Sensor revenue - historic data and forecast | 
| 3.4. | Market share - historic data and forecast | 
| 3.5. | Sensor volume - historic data and forecast | 
| 3.6. | Sensor pricing - historic data and forecast | 
| 3.7. | Sensor revenue - historic data and forecast | 
| 3.8. | Disposable electrode forecast - volume | 
| 3.9. | Disposable electrode forecast - revenue | 
| 4. | MOTION SENSORS | 
| 4.1.1. | Introduction to wearable motion sensors | 
| 4.1.2. | Motion Sensors: | 
| 4.2. | Inertial Measurement Units | 
| 4.2.1. | Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): An introduction | 
| 4.2.2. | MEMS: The manufacturing method for IMUs | 
| 4.2.3. | IMU packages: MEMs accelerometers | 
| 4.2.4. | IMU Packages: MEMS Gyroscopes | 
| 4.2.5. | IMU Packages: magnetometers (digital compasses) | 
| 4.2.6. | IMU Packages: magnetometer types | 
| 4.2.7. | IMUs for smart-watches: major players and industry dynamic | 
| 4.2.8. | Magnetometer suppliers and industry dynamic | 
| 4.2.9. | Limitations and common errors with MEMS sensors | 
| 4.2.10. | MEMS IMUs are becoming a commodity | 
| 4.2.11. | An opportunity for MEMs barometers to expand 3D motion sensing | 
| 4.2.12. | Accelerometers for hearables - biggest market growth expected for earphones | 
| 4.2.13. | Opportunity for wearable motion sensors to solve the problem of internal navigation unsolved by GPS | 
| 4.2.14. | Impact of the chip shortage on MEMS | 
| 4.2.15. | MEMS-based IMUs for wearable motion sensing: SWOT | 
| 4.2.16. | MEMS-based IMUs for wearable motion sensing: Outlook | 
| 4.3. | Motion Sensors: Emerging Applications | 
| 4.3.1. | Overview of emerging use-cases for wearable motion sensors | 
| 4.3.2. | Introduction to telemedicine and remote patient monitoring | 
| 4.3.3. | Motion sensors for remote patient monitoring | 
| 4.3.4. | Wearable respiratory rate monitoring depends on motion sensors | 
| 4.3.5. | Opportunities for motion sensors in remote patient monitoring of cancer performance status | 
| 4.3.6. | Wearable motion sensors play a role in digital physical therapy | 
| 4.3.7. | Motion capture innovation to influence the future of rehabilitation and the prosumer market | 
| 4.3.8. | Introduction to wearable activity monitoring in clinical trials | 
| 4.3.9. | Motion sensors are the most common wearable sensor used within clinical trials | 
| 4.3.10. | Introduction to motion sensors for virtual reality | 
| 4.3.11. | Controllers and sensing connect XR devices to the environment and the user | 
| 4.3.12. | 3DoF vs. 6DoF: what motion can my headset track? | 
| 4.3.13. | IMU case study: Microsoft's HoloLens 2 and Occulus/Meta | 
| 4.3.14. | Introduction to wearables for health insurance | 
| 4.3.15. | Biomarker usage in insurance dominated by motion sensing | 
| 4.3.16. | Monitoring activity with motion sensors is rewarded through partnerships with a range of service providers | 
| 4.3.17. | Motion sensor access is crucial across the packages offered by Vitality | 
| 4.3.18. | Health insurance use of motion sensor data expands the market for consumer smart watches | 
| 4.4. | Motion Sensors: Conclusions | 
| 4.4.1. | Wearable motion sensors: Conclusions | 
| 4.4.2. | Wearable Motion Sensors: Outlook | 
| 5. | OPTICAL SENSORS | 
| 5.1.1. | Optical sensors: introduction | 
| 5.1.2. | Optical Sensors: | 
| 5.2. | PPG and Spectroscopy | 
| 5.2.1. | Sensing principle of photoplethysmography (PPG) | 
| 5.2.2. | Applications of photoplethysmography (PPG) | 
| 5.2.3. | Pros and cons of transmission and reflectance modes | 
| 5.2.4. | Key players in PPG hardware and algorithm development | 
| 5.2.5. | SWOT: PPG sensors | 
| 5.2.6. | Introduction to wearable spectroscopy | 
| 5.2.7. | Near-infrared spectroscopy faces challenges from overlapping bands | 
| 5.2.8. | Key players and potential customers for wearable spectroscopy as 'clinic on the wrist' | 
| 5.2.9. | SWOT: Wearable spectroscopy | 
| 5.3. | Optical Sensors: Heart Rate | 
| 5.3.1. | How is heart rate obtained from optical PPG sensors? | 
| 5.3.2. | Wearable heart-rate: Use cases, opportunities and key Players | 
| 5.3.3. | Comparing the remaining opportunities for wearable heart-rate between insurers, clinicians and consumers | 
| 5.3.4. | Specific opportunity for integrated heart-rate sensors within the prosumer market | 
| 5.3.5. | A closer look at wearable heart-rate in clinical trials | 
| 5.3.6. | Roadmap for wearable optical heart-rate sensors | 
| 5.3.7. | Wearable heart-rate sensors (optical): conclusions and outlook | 
| 5.3.8. | Wearable heart-rate sensors (optical): key conclusions | 
| 5.4. | Optical Sensors: Pulse Oximetry | 
| 5.4.1. | Obtaining blood oxygen from PPG | 
| 5.4.2. | Differences in wellness and medical applications of wearable blood oxygen | 
| 5.4.3. | Early adopters of pulse-oximetry in smart-watches | 
| 5.4.4. | Impact of COVID-19 on interest in blood oxygen | 
| 5.4.5. | Blood oxygen contributing to 'in-house' metrics on performance and sleep | 
| 5.4.6. | Wearable pulse oximetry can offer less invasive monitoring of babies and children | 
| 5.4.7. | Market outlook and technology readiness of wearable pulse oximeters | 
| 5.4.8. | Future of pulse oximetry could come in the form of skin patches | 
| 5.4.9. | Cambridge display technology: Pulse oximetry sensing with OPDs | 
| 5.4.10. | Wearable blood oxygen sensors: conclusions and SWOT | 
| 5.5. | Optical Sensors: Blood Pressure | 
| 5.5.1. | Many health conditions are associated with blood pressure generating a large total addressable market | 
| 5.5.2. | Classifying blood pressure | 
| 5.5.3. | Breakdown of wearable brands used for cardiovascular clinical research | 
| 5.5.4. | How do requirements vary for stakeholders in wearable blood pressure technology | 
| 5.5.5. | Incumbent sensor technology: blood pressure cuffs and the oscillometric method | 
| 5.5.6. | Combining pulse metrics to access blood pressure using wearable PPG and ECG | 
| 5.5.7. | PPG Waveform/Pulse Wave Analysis | 
| 5.5.8. | Progress of non-invasive blood pressure sensing | 
| 5.5.9. | Overview of technologies for cuff-less blood pressure | 
| 5.5.10. | Case Study: Valencell - cuff-less, cal-free blood pressure | 
| 5.5.11. | Advantages and limitations for bless pressure hearables. | 
| 5.5.12. | Market outlook and technology readiness of wearable blood pressure | 
| 5.5.13. | Wearable blood pressure : Conclusions and SWOT | 
| 5.5.14. | Wearable blood pressure : key conclusions | 
| 5.6. | Optical Sensors: Non-invasive Glucose Monitoring | 
| 5.6.1. | Scale of the diabetes management industry continues to incentivize development of optical glucose sensors | 
| 5.6.2. | FDA requirements for glucose monitoring | 
| 5.6.3. | Near-Infrared Spectroscopy - Recent academic studies on glucose monitoring | 
| 5.6.4. | Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Mid Infrared and Terahertz Spectroscopy | 
| 5.6.5. | Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Raman spectroscopy and optical rotation | 
| 5.6.6. | Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Dielectric spectroscopy | 
| 5.6.7. | Active companies developing optical methods for glucose monitoring | 
| 5.6.8. | Non-invasive glucose monitoring: approaches | 
| 5.6.9. | Notable Quotes on Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring | 
| 5.6.10. | Optical glucose sensors: SWOT | 
| 5.6.11. | Optical glucose sensors: conclusions | 
| 5.7. | Optical Sensors: Conclusions | 
| 5.7.1. | Wearable optical sensors: SWOT | 
| 5.7.2. | Optical sensors: conclusions and outlook | 
| 6. | OPTICAL IMAGING | 
| 6.1.1. | Introduction to wearable optical imaging | 
| 6.2. | Optical Imaging: 3D Imaging and Depth Sensors | 
| 6.2.1. | Introduction to 3D imaging in wearables | 
| 6.2.2. | Stereoscopic vision: Utilizing two cameras for depth perception | 
| 6.2.3. | Time of Flight (ToF) cameras for depth sensing | 
| 6.2.4. | Time of Flight Example: Microsoft and Kinect/Hololens | 
| 6.2.5. | Structured light: Established for use in FaceID | 
| 6.2.6. | Structured Light Example: Intel's RealSense™ | 
| 6.2.7. | Application example: motion capture in animation | 
| 6.2.8. | Spectroscopic vision example: Ultraleap | 
| 6.2.9. | Commercial 3D camera examples | 
| 6.2.10. | Comparison of 3D imaging technologies | 
| 6.2.11. | Interim summary: Positional and motion tracking for XR | 
| 6.3. | Optical Imaging: Eye Tracking | 
| 6.3.1. | Why is eye-tracking important for AR/VR devices? | 
| 6.3.2. | Eye-tracking sensor categories | 
| 6.3.3. | Eye-tracking using cameras with machine vision | 
| 6.3.4. | Eye-tracking companies based on conventional/NIR cameras and machine vision software | 
| 6.3.5. | Event-based vision for AR/VR eye-tracking | 
| 6.3.6. | Event-based vision: Pros and cons | 
| 6.3.7. | Importance of software for event-based vision | 
| 6.3.8. | Eye tracking with laser scanning MEMS | 
| 6.3.9. | Capacitive sensing of eye movement | 
| 6.3.10. | Interim summary: Eye-tracking for XR | 
| 6.4. | Optical imaging: Conclusions | 
| 6.4.1. | Optical imaging for wearables: SWOT | 
| 6.4.2. | Optical imaging for wearables: key conclusions | 
| 7. | ELECTRODES | 
| 7.1.1. | Introduction to wearable electrodes | 
| 7.2. | Electrodes: Overview and Key Players | 
| 7.2.1. | Applications and product types | 
| 7.2.2. | Key requirements of wearable electrodes | 
| 7.2.3. | Key players in wearable electrodes | 
| 7.2.4. | Skin patch and e-textile electrode supply chain | 
| 7.2.5. | Increased demand for wearable sensors with electrodes | 
| 7.2.6. | Material suppliers collaboration has enabled large scale trials of wearable skin patches | 
| 7.2.7. | Supplier overview: printed electrodes for skin patches and e-textiles (I) | 
| 7.2.8. | Supplier overview: printed electrodes for skin patches and e-textiles (2) | 
| 7.3. | Electrodes: Types | 
| 7.3.1. | Overview of wearable electrode types | 
| 7.4. | Electrode Types: Wet and Dry | 
| 7.4.1. | Wet vs dry electrodes | 
| 7.4.2. | Wet electrodes: The incumbent technology | 
| 7.4.3. | The role of adhesive in wet electrodes | 
| 7.4.4. | Dry electrodes: A more durable emerging solution | 
| 7.4.5. | Skin patches use both wet and dry electrodes depending on the use-case | 
| 7.4.6. | E-textiles integrate dry electrodes and conductive inks | 
| 7.4.7. | Electrode and sensing functionality woven into textiles | 
| 7.4.8. | E-textile market adoption of conductive inks has peaked | 
| 7.4.9. | SWOT analysis and key conclusions for wet and dry electrodes | 
| 7.5. | Electrode Types: Microneedles | 
| 7.5.1. | Microneedle electrodes | 
| 7.5.2. | Evaluating materials and manufacturing methods for microneedle electrode arrays | 
| 7.5.3. | Researchers are investigating microneedle manufacture via micromolding | 
| 7.5.4. | Flexible microneedle arrays possible with PET substrates | 
| 7.5.5. | Microneedle electrodes less susceptible to noise | 
| 7.5.6. | Global distribution of microneedle array patch developers | 
| 7.5.7. | Outlook for microneedle electrodes | 
| 7.6. | Electrode Types: Electronic Skins | 
| 7.6.1. | Electronic skins (also known as 'epidermal electronics') | 
| 7.6.2. | Materials and manufacturing approaches to electronic skins | 
| 7.6.3. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (Stanford University) | 
| 7.6.4. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (VTT/Tampere University) | 
| 7.6.5. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (Northwestern University) | 
| 7.6.6. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (University of Tokyo) (I) | 
| 7.6.7. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (University of Tokyo) (II) | 
| 7.6.8. | Outlook for electronic skins | 
| 7.7. | Electrodes: Application Trends | 
| 7.7.1. | Wearable electrodes: Applications and product types | 
| 7.8. | Electrode Application Trends: Biopotential - ECG | 
| 7.8.1. | Introduction: Measuring biopotential | 
| 7.8.2. | Introduction: electrocardiography (ECG, or EKG) | 
| 7.8.3. | Arrythmia detection is a key use-case for ECG with opportunities for wet and dry electrodes | 
| 7.8.4. | Diagnosis process for atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias most reduced via implantables | 
| 7.8.5. | Skin patches solve ECG monitoring pain points | 
| 7.8.6. | Cardiac monitoring skin patches: device types | 
| 7.8.7. | Cardiac monitoring device types: Advantages and disadvantages | 
| 7.8.8. | Reimbursement codes for wearable cardiac monitors | 
| 7.8.9. | Key players: Skin patches/Holter for ECG | 
| 7.8.10. | Cardiac monitoring players and devices | 
| 7.8.11. | Wrist-worn ECG struggles to compete with the 12-lead gold standard | 
| 7.8.12. | E-textile integrated ECG predominantly used in extreme environments with new market opportunities emerging | 
| 7.8.13. | Summary and outlook for wearable ECG | 
| 7.9. | Electrode Application Trends: Biopotential - EEG | 
| 7.9.1. | Electroencephalography (EEG) | 
| 7.9.2. | Key players and applications of wearable EEG | 
| 7.9.3. | Clinical market: wet electrodes create a pain point for epilepsy patients and an opportunity for new materials and wearables | 
| 7.9.4. | Hearable EEG for seizure prediction closing in on FDA approval | 
| 7.9.5. | Sleep market for EEG in competition with the wider sleep-tech sector | 
| 7.9.6. | Easier access to emotion monitoring expands the opportunity within marketing | 
| 7.9.7. | Advanced brain computer interfaces will be implantable before they are wearable | 
| 7.9.8. | An opportunity for EEG in virtual reality | 
| 7.9.9. | Summary and outlook for wearable EEG | 
| 7.10. | Electrode Application Trends: Biopotential - EMG | 
| 7.10.1. | Introduction to Electromyography (EMG) | 
| 7.10.2. | Investment in EMG for virtual reality and neural interfacing is increasing | 
| 7.10.3. | Key players and applications of wearable EMG | 
| 7.10.4. | Opportunities in the prosumer market for EMG integrated e-textiles | 
| 7.10.5. | Meta's prototype EMG wristband measures finger position with mm resolution for human machine interface | 
| 7.10.6. | Summary and outlook for EMG | 
| 7.10.7. | Outlook for wearable biopotential in XR/AR | 
| 7.10.8. | Electrodes: Application Trends: Bioimpedance | 
| 7.11. | Bioimpedance: An introduction | 
| 7.11.1. | Technology overview - Galvanic skin response (GSR) | 
| 7.11.2. | GSR algorithms: Managing noise and other errors | 
| 7.11.3. | GSR algorithms: Data interpretation challenges | 
| 7.11.4. | Commercialised GSR Devices | 
| 7.11.5. | Bioimpedance also enables hydration monitoring | 
| 7.11.6. | Summary and outlook for bioimpedance/GSR | 
| 7.12. | Electrodes: Conclusions | 
| 7.12.1. | Consolidated SWOT of wearable electrodes | 
| 7.12.2. | Wearable electrodes: conclusions and outlook | 
| 8. | FORCE AND STRAIN SENSORS | 
| 8.1.1. | Introduction to wearable force and strain sensing | 
| 8.2. | Force Sensors | 
| 8.2.1. | Force sensing with piezoresistive materials | 
| 8.2.2. | Thin film pressure sensor architectures | 
| 8.2.3. | Smart insoles are the main application for printed pressure sensors | 
| 8.2.4. | Smart insoles target both fitness and medical applications | 
| 8.2.5. | Movesole outlines durability challenges for smart insoles | 
| 8.2.6. | Sensoria integrates pressure sensors into a sock rather than an insole | 
| 8.2.7. | Force sensing with piezoelectric materials | 
| 8.2.8. | Piezoelectric pressure sensors restricted to niche applications | 
| 8.2.9. | Novel wearable pressure sensor technologies struggle to gain traction | 
| 8.2.10. | Intervention pathways depend on temperature sensors and RPM integration | 
| 8.2.11. | Mapping the wearable force sensor landscape | 
| 8.2.12. | Outlook for wearable force/pressure sensors | 
| 8.3. | Strain Sensors | 
| 8.3.1. | Competing approaches to wearable strain sensing | 
| 8.3.2. | Capacitive strain sensors | 
| 8.3.3. | Use of dielectric electroactive polymers (EAPs) | 
| 8.3.4. | Strain sensitive e-textiles utilized in gloves | 
| 8.3.5. | Capacitive strain sensors integrated into clothing | 
| 8.3.6. | Resistive strain sensors | 
| 8.3.7. | Karlsruhe Institute for Technology develop 3D printed soft electronics for strain sensing | 
| 8.3.8. | Liquid Wire develops wearable strain sensors based on liquid metal gel | 
| 8.3.9. | Strain sensor examples: BeBop Sensors | 
| 8.3.10. | Mapping the wearable force sensor landscape | 
| 8.3.11. | Outlook for wearable strain sensors | 
| 9. | TEMPERATURE SENSORS | 
| 9.1. | Two main roles for temperature sensors in wearables | 
| 9.2. | Incumbent methods for measuring core body temperature are invasive | 
| 9.3. | Key players, form factors and applications for wearable body temperature sensors | 
| 9.4. | Types of temperature sensor | 
| 9.5. | Success for wearable temperature requires both accuracy and continuous monitoring capabilities. | 
| 9.6. | Wearable temperature sensor utilized as route to market for flexible batteries | 
| 9.7. | Emerging approaches utilising NIR spectroscopy | 
| 9.8. | Flexible wearable temperature sensing (PST Sensors) | 
| 9.9. | Mapping the wearable temperature sensor landscape | 
| 9.10. | Summary of wearable temperature sensors: SWOT | 
| 9.11. | Summary of key conclusions for wearable temperature sensors | 
| 10. | CHEMICAL SENSORS | 
| 10.1.1. | Chemical sensors: Chapter overview | 
| 10.1.2. | Chemical sensing: An introduction | 
| 10.1.3. | Selectivity and signal transduction | 
| 10.1.4. | Analyte selection and availability | 
| 10.1.5. | Optical chemical sensors | 
| 10.2. | Chemical Sensors: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (Interstitial CGM) | 
| 10.2.1. | Introduction to diabetes management | 
| 10.2.2. | Introduction to continuous glucose monitors | 
| 10.2.3. | Operating principle typical CGM device | 
| 10.2.4. | Sensing principle of commercial CGM | 
| 10.2.5. | CGM sensor chemistry | 
| 10.2.6. | CGM technologies: glucose dehydrogenase | 
| 10.2.7. | CGM miniaturization and "green" diabetes | 
| 10.2.8. | CGM sensor manufacturing and anatomy | 
| 10.2.9. | Sensor filament structure | 
| 10.2.10. | Foreign body responses to CGM devices | 
| 10.2.11. | Calibration of glucose monitoring devices | 
| 10.2.12. | Interference of medication with CGM accuracy | 
| 10.2.13. | Comparison metrics for CGM devices | 
| 10.2.14. | CGM: Overview of key players | 
| 10.2.15. | Market share in 2019 (revenue) | 
| 10.2.16. | Example: Accuracy of CGM devices over time | 
| 10.2.17. | SWOT analysis of interstitial sensors for CGM | 
| 10.3. | Chemical Sensors: Non-invasive Glucose Monitoring | 
| 10.3.1. | Measuring glucose in sweat | 
| 10.3.2. | Measuring glucose in tears | 
| 10.3.3. | Measuring glucose in saliva | 
| 10.3.4. | Measuring glucose in breath | 
| 10.3.5. | Measuring glucose in urine | 
| 10.3.6. | SWOT analysis of non-invasive chemical sensors | 
| 10.4. | Chemical Sensors: Conclusions | 
| 10.4.1. | SWOT: Chemical glucose sensors | 
| 10.4.2. | Companies using each technique (other fluids) | 
| 10.4.3. | Roadmap of chemical wearable sensors for glucose sensing | 
| 11. | NOVEL BIOSENSORS | 
| 11.1.1. | Introduction to novel biometrics and methods | 
| 11.2. | Novel Biosensors: Emerging Biometrics | 
| 11.2.1. | Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable alcohol sensors | 
| 11.2.2. | Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable lactate/lactic acid sensors | 
| 11.2.3. | Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable hydration sensors | 
| 11.3. | Novel Biosensors: Emerging Sensing Methods | 
| 11.3.1. | Urine sensors in smart diapers seeking orders from elderly care providers | 
| 11.3.2. | Ultrasound imaging could provide longer term competition to optical imaging. | 
| 11.3.3. | Wearable sensing potential of microneedles for fluid sampling depends on scale up of manufacturing methods | 
| 11.3.4. | 'Clinic on the Wrist'  and 'Lab on Skin' competing to replace multiple diagnostic tests and monitor vital signs | 
| 11.4. | Novel Biosensors: Conclusions | 
| 11.4.1. | Market readiness of wearable sensors for novel biometrics | 
| 11.4.2. | Conclusions and outlook: Wearable sensors for novel biometrics |