| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Report Introduction |
| 1.2. | Marine sectors & powertrain suitability |
| 1.3. | Summary of market drivers for electric & hybrid marine |
| 1.4. | Marine battery market history 2019 - 2025 by subsector: ferry, cruise, ro-ro, cargo, OSV, tug, other |
| 1.5. | Electric ferry adoption in Norway 2015 - 2030 |
| 1.6. | The need for alternative fuels & fuel cells |
| 1.7. | The importance of batteries in hybrid systems |
| 1.8. | Why marine batteries are unique |
| 1.9. | Marine systems: stacks & strings scaling to MWh |
| 1.10. | Marine battery system specs |
| 1.11. | Maritime battery supplier market share 2018 - 2022 (MWh) |
| 1.12. | Battery chemistries for marine applications |
| 1.13. | Overview of policy for maritime batteries |
| 1.14. | Policy drivers & barriers for recreational electric boating |
| 1.15. | Solutions for new maritime emissions regulations |
| 1.16. | Annual number of electric vessels 2020 - 2044: Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other |
| 1.17. | Battery demand from electric vessels (GWh) 2020 - 2044: Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other |
| 1.18. | Recreational electric boat unit sales by power class 2020 - 2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW |
| 1.19. | Recreational electric boat battery demand by power class 2020 - 2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW |
| 1.20. | Marine battery system price forecast 2022 - 2044 |
| 1.21. | Market size of marine battery systems 2020 - 2044 ($ bn): Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other |
| 2. | POLICY DRIVERS & EMISSIONS REGULATION FOR SEAGOING & MERCHANT SHIPS |
| 2.1. | Chapter Summary |
| 2.2. | The International Maritime Organization (IMO) |
| 2.3. | Emission Control Areas |
| 2.4. | Sulphur and Nitrous Oxide Emissions |
| 2.5. | NOx and SOx: a huge problem for the shipping sector |
| 2.6. | Fuel cost savings and ROI |
| 2.7. | Traditional Solutions: Scrubbers & Speed Reduction |
| 2.8. | Shifting Emission Policy Focus |
| 2.9. | Marine CO2 Emissions and Targets |
| 2.10. | Reducing Greenhouse Gases: EEXI & CII |
| 2.11. | EU 'Fit for 55' |
| 2.12. | EU-Specific Policy |
| 2.13. | Solutions for Greenhouse Gas Regulations |
| 3. | ELECTRIC FERRIES: MARKETS & CASE STUDIES |
| 3.1. | Hybrid & pure electric propulsion systems |
| 3.2. | Do diesel-electrics count? |
| 3.3. | Number of ferries in operation globally |
| 3.4. | Electric and hybrid ferries: regional market share |
| 3.5. | Ferries are well suited for electrification |
| 3.6. | Leclanché e-ferry: 4.3MWh battery with 1C charging |
| 3.7. | Battery behemoth: the 70MWh Ferry with 0.5C charging |
| 3.8. | Supercapacitor ferry from Nidec |
| 3.9. | Electric ferry adoption in Norway 2015 - 2030 |
| 3.10. | Average battery kWh/ferry increases 2014 - 2023 |
| 3.11. | Electric ferry sales 2020 - 2044, Norway, EU, North America, RoW |
| 3.12. | Average ferry battery system capacity/vessel 2020 - 2044 (kWh) |
| 3.13. | Electric ferry batter demand (GWh) 2020 - 2044, Norway, EU, North America, RoW |
| 4. | ELECTRIC OFFSHORE SUPPORT VESSELS: MARKETS & CASE STUDIES |
| 4.1. | Types of offshore support vessel (OSV) |
| 4.2. | Offshore-wind capacity additions 2015 - 2030 & the requirement for new OSVs |
| 4.3. | Trends in the global OSV fleet |
| 4.4. | The spike for hybrid OSVs |
| 4.5. | Hybrid battery value proposition & fuel efficiency |
| 4.6. | Regional, newbuild & average battery kWh/OSV trends increases 2016-2023 |
| 4.7. | OSV case study & typical specs |
| 4.8. | Electric OSV sales 2020-2044 |
| 5. | ELECTRIC CRUISE SHIPS: MARKETS & CASE STUDIES |
| 5.1. | Cruise ship markets dominated by a few players |
| 5.2. | Cruise ships during the pandemic |
| 5.3. | Zero emission port regulations drive battery uptake for global cruising |
| 5.4. | Average battery kWh/cruise ship assumption 2020 - 2044 |
| 5.5. | Cruise ship projects & specifications |
| 5.6. | Electric cruise ship sales 2020 - 2044 |
| 6. | ELECTRIC MERCHANT SHIPS |
| 6.1. | Navigating shipping terms |
| 6.2. | Seaborne trade and the global economy |
| 6.3. | Shipbuilding cycles from 2005 |
| 6.4. | Growth in the merchant ship fleet |
| 6.5. | Hyundai Heavy Industries merchant ship deliveries |
| 6.6. | Cost of MGO vs alternative fuels |
| 6.7. | Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Lifecycle Emissions |
| 6.8. | Environmental benefit of LNG |
| 6.9. | Overview of e-fuels |
| 6.10. | Carbon capture in marine vessels |
| 6.11. | Electric tanker case studies in Norway & Japan |
| 6.12. | First pure electric container ship in China |
| 6.13. | Container/Bulk, Ro-Ro & Other Merchant Electric Ship Deliveries 2020 - 2044 |
| 6.14. | Container/Bulk, Ro-Ro & Other Merchant Electric Ship Battery Demand MWh 2020 - 2044 |
| 7. | ELECTRIC BOATS: LEISURE & RECREATIONAL MARKETS, TECHNOLOGIES, FORECASTS |
| 7.1. | Leisure & recreational electric boat markets |
| 7.2. | Boat propulsion types & trend towards outboards |
| 7.3. | Total historic outboard sales globally, in the US & by power class |
| 7.4. | Gas/petrol outboard emissions lack standards |
| 7.5. | Trolling motors do not compete with petrol/gas outboards |
| 7.6. | Torqeedo/Deutz electric outboards growing rapidly |
| 7.7. | Electric outboard prices several times ICE |
| 7.8. | ePropulsion rising to market leader status with efficient direct drive electric outboards |
| 7.9. | e'dyn marine, a newcomer from Slovenia |
| 7.10. | Pure watercraft, GM invests in electric leisure boating |
| 7.11. | Conventional outboard companies |
| 7.12. | Mercury Marine: traditional outboard maker enters electric race |
| 7.13. | Brunswick plans to introduce electric boats |
| 7.14. | Vision Marine 660V outboard & industry trends |
| 7.15. | Beneteau introducing electric and hybrid propulsion systems |
| 7.16. | Electric pontoon market in the US is booming |
| 7.17. | Hydrofoiling reduces drag 50% & improves electric range |
| 7.18. | Types of hydrofoil: V & T shaped |
| 7.19. | Candela hydrofoiling technology |
| 7.20. | Candela: business & markets |
| 7.21. | Battery chemistry choices, prices & suppliers |
| 7.22. | Policy drivers & barriers for recreational electric boating |
| 7.23. | Recreational electric boat unit sales by power class 2020 - 2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW |
| 8. | BATTERY TECHNOLOGY & MARINE BATTERY SYSTEM SUPPLIERS |
| 8.1. | Lithium Battery Chemistry Overview |
| 8.2. | Current & Emerging Lithium Batteries Ranked |
| 8.3. | The Promise of Silicon |
| 8.4. | Silicon Anode Material Opportunities |
| 8.5. | Silicon Anode - Company Benchmarking |
| 8.6. | LTO Battery Cell Technology |
| 8.7. | Key performance indicators for electric boats & ships |
| 8.8. | Battery Chemistry Benchmarking |
| 8.9. | Cylindrical, Prismatic, Pouch Cell Format Comparison |
| 8.10. | Shifts in Cell and Pack Design |
| 8.11. | Larger Format 4680 Cylindrical Cells |
| 8.12. | Li-ion Batteries: From Cell to Pack |
| 8.13. | Heavy Duty Battery Pack Manufacturing Trends |
| 8.14. | Battery Pack Materials |
| 8.15. | Eliminating the Battery Module |
| 8.16. | Battery Enclosure Materials Summary |
| 8.17. | Lightweighting Battery Enclosures |
| 8.18. | IDTechEx Li-ion Battery Timeline |
| 8.19. | Timeline and Outlook for Li-ion Cell Energy Densities |
| 8.20. | Li-ion Timeline Commentary |
| 9. | MARINE BATTERY SYSTEMS: COOLING, THERMAL MANAGEMENT, SUPPLIERS & MARKET SHARES |
| 9.1. | The importance of batteries in hybrid systems |
| 9.2. | Why marine batteries are unique |
| 9.3. | Marine systems: stacks & strings scaling to MWh |
| 9.4. | Optimal Temperatures for Multiple Components |
| 9.5. | Thermal runaway and fires in EVs |
| 9.6. | EV fires compared to ICEs |
| 9.7. | The dangers of a battery fire at sea |
| 9.8. | Thermal runaway standards |
| 9.9. | Cooling strategy thermal properties |
| 9.10. | Analysis of battery cooling methods |
| 9.11. | Air cooling for battery systems |
| 9.12. | Liquid cooling for battery systems |
| 9.13. | Liquid cooling: design options |
| 9.14. | Coolants: comparison |
| 9.15. | Liquid cooling: alternative fluids |
| 9.16. | Liquid cooling supply announcements |
| 9.17. | Maritime battery supplier market share 2018 - 2022 (MWh) |
| 9.18. | Battery chemistries for marine applications |
| 9.19. | Historic marine battery system prices correlated with market growth |
| 9.20. | Marine battery system price forecast 2022 - 2044 |
| 9.21. | Corvus Energy delivers over 200MWh/year |
| 9.22. | Marine battery system specs |
| 9.23. | Leclanché cell design and energy density increases |
| 9.24. | Leclanché: 70MWh of marine projects |
| 9.25. | BorgWarner acquires Akasol as key heavy duty battery supplier |
| 9.26. | ZEM - leader in Norway |
| 9.27. | EST-Floattech: rapid growth & supply chain |
| 9.28. | EST-Floattech: business & markets |
| 9.29. | CATL subsidiary for ships |
| 9.30. | Forsee Power Zen Slim modules |
| 9.31. | Phinergy: Aluminium Air Battery |
| 9.32. | Phinergy: Reductions to the Cathode |
| 9.33. | Other Heavy-duty Li-ion Battery Pack Suppliers |
| 10. | ELECTRIC MOTORS FOR BOATS & SHIPS |
| 10.1. | Electric motor technologies overview |
| 10.2. | Comparison of Motor Construction and Merits |
| 10.3. | Benchmarking motors: BLDC |
| 10.4. | Benchmarking motors: ACIM |
| 10.5. | Benchmarking motors: PMSM |
| 10.6. | Differences Between PMSM and BLDC |
| 10.7. | Benchmarking motors: WRSM |
| 10.8. | Benchmarking motors: Switched Reluctance |
| 10.9. | Benchmarking motors: PM/Reluctance |
| 10.10. | Peak vs Continuous Properties |
| 10.11. | Efficiency |
| 10.12. | Propulsive power: electric drives have an efficiency advantage |
| 10.13. | Typical electric outboard power classes & costs |
| 10.14. | Torqeedo drive systems by voltage |
| 10.15. | Direct-drive 140kW motor for ferries |
| 10.16. | Candela pod motor |
| 10.17. | Bell Marine: Major Supplier to Amsterdam Canals |
| 10.18. | Danfoss 380kW motor in the e-Ferry |
| 10.19. | Vebrat powerful electric inboards |
| 10.20. | General Electric - Perspective on Silicon Carbide in Hybrid Ship Converters |
| 11. | FORECAST METHODOLOGY & SUMMARY FOR ELECTRIC BOATS & SHIPS |
| 11.1. | Long-term Forecasting of Technologies |
| 11.2. | Forecast Methodology |
| 11.3. | Forecast Methodology & FAQ |
| 11.4. | Annual number of electric vessels 2020 - 2044: Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other |
| 11.5. | Battery demand from electric vessels MWh 2020 - 2044: Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other |
| 11.6. | Recreational electric boat unit sales by power class 2020 - 2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW |
| 11.7. | Recreational electric boat battery demand by power class 2020 - 2044: <1kW, <12kW, >25kW |
| 11.8. | Marine battery system price forecast 2022 - 2044 |
| 11.9. | Market size of marine battery systems 2020 - 2044 ($ bn): Ferry, Cruise, Ro-Ro, Cargo, OSV, Tug, Other |
| 11.10. | Container/Bulk, Ro-Ro & Other Merchant Electric Ships 2020 - 2044 |
| 11.11. | Container/Bulk, Ro-Ro & Other Merchant Electric Ship Battery Demand MWh 2020 - 2044 |
| 11.12. | Electric ferry sales 2020 - 2044, Norway, EU, North America, RoW |
| 11.13. | Average ferry battery system capacity/vessel 2020 - 2044 (kWh) |
| 11.14. | Electric ferry batter demand (GWh) 2020 - 2044, Norway, EU, North America, RoW |
| 11.15. | Electric OSV sales 2020 - 2044 |
| 11.16. | Average battery kWh/cruise ship assumption 2020 - 2044 |
| 11.17. | Electric cruise ship sales 2020 - 2044 |
| 12. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 12.1. | Leisure/recreational boating |
| 12.1.1. | Candela |
| 12.1.2. | e'dyn Marine |
| 12.1.3. | ePropulsion |
| 12.1.4. | GM Fireside Chat (Pure Watercraft investment) |
| 12.1.5. | Pure Watercraft |
| 12.1.6. | Torqeedo |
| 12.2. | Battery systems |
| 12.2.1. | Corvus Energy |
| 12.2.2. | EST-FLOATTECH |
| 12.2.3. | Forsee Power |
| 12.2.4. | Leclanché |
| 12.2.5. | Saft |
| 12.2.6. | Toshiba |
| 12.3. | Fuel cell systems |
| 12.3.1. | Advent Technologies (HT PEM) |
| 12.3.2. | Ballard (PEM) |
| 12.3.3. | Blue World Technologies (HT PEM) |
| 12.3.4. | Corvus Energy (PEM) |
| 12.3.5. | Cummins/hydrogenics (PEM) |
| 12.3.6. | Freudenberg E-Power Systems (PEM) |
| 12.3.7. | Nedstack (PEM) |
| 12.3.8. | PowerCell (PEM) |