| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Battery swapping: charge it or change it? |
| 1.2. | There are many ways to charge your EV - charging modes comparison |
| 1.3. | Swap-capable EVs entering the market |
| 1.4. | Battery swapping pathways for different types of EVs |
| 1.5. | Car swapping process overview |
| 1.6. | Battery swapping market for cars in China is getting competitive |
| 1.7. | Swapping is more expensive than AC or DC charging |
| 1.8. | Swapping station deployment will rise over the next 5 years |
| 1.9. | Battery as a Service (BaaS) business model - a disintegrated approach |
| 1.10. | Two and three-wheelers use small capacity, self-service swap models |
| 1.11. | Two wheeler battery swapping is successfully being carried out in population-dense regions of APAC |
| 1.12. | Commercial heavy duty battery swapping is in its early stages |
| 1.13. | Battery swapping stations can act as grid support units and enable battery recycling |
| 1.14. | Battery swapping SWOT analysis |
| 1.15. | Battery swapping benefits and scepticism |
| 1.16. | Global cumulative swap station deployment by segment 2021-2032 |
| 1.17. | Light EVs to remain most prominent segment for swapping, cars to follow |
| 1.18. | Battery swapping will impose additional demand on the global battery supply |
| 1.19. | Global battery swapping infrastructure market value per year - over $22 billion in 2032 |
| 1.20. | High level findings |
| 1.21. | Access to IDTechEx portal profiles |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Why swap? |
| 2.2. | Ditching the cable |
| 2.3. | Current bottleneck in charging |
| 2.4. | From cable charging to battery swapping |
| 2.5. | Swapping vs cable charging |
| 2.6. | Battery swapping can serve more cars than superchargers |
| 2.7. | EV charging modes comparison |
| 3. | BATTERY SWAPPING FOR CARS |
| 3.1. | Introduction |
| 3.1.1. | History: a spectacular failure |
| 3.1.2. | Major milestones |
| 3.1.3. | Technology overview |
| 3.1.4. | Challenges and opportunities |
| 3.1.5. | Battery swapping scepticism |
| 3.1.6. | The cost problem $ |
| 3.1.7. | Replacement queuing |
| 3.1.8. | Swapping industry seeing large investments |
| 3.1.9. | Can a swap station make profit? |
| 3.1.10. | Profitability analysis |
| 3.1.11. | Battery swapping advantages |
| 3.1.12. | Trickle/centralised charging enabled by swapping |
| 3.1.13. | Battery swapping is taking off in the Chinese EV market |
| 3.1.14. | China development phases |
| 3.1.15. | China swapping OEMs milestones |
| 3.1.16. | Historical swap station deployment in China |
| 3.1.17. | Swap stations in Chinese cities |
| 3.1.18. | 2021 was a pivotal year for battery swapping in China |
| 3.1.19. | Will it catch on outside of China? |
| 3.1.20. | Why battery swapping is ideal for fleets |
| 3.1.21. | Swapping value for end user |
| 3.2. | Battery Swapping Technologies |
| 3.2.1. | Battery swapping station (BSS) |
| 3.2.2. | Battery swapping mechanisms |
| 3.2.3. | Battery swapping can take various forms |
| 3.2.4. | Battery swapping mechanism - base frame type |
| 3.2.5. | Battery swapping mechanisms - forklift type |
| 3.2.6. | Battery swapping mechanism - gripper type |
| 3.2.7. | Above versus below ground swapping |
| 3.2.8. | Operation process in the swapping model |
| 3.2.9. | Real world BSS usage scenarios |
| 3.2.10. | How many excess batteries? |
| 3.2.11. | The inventory dilemma |
| 3.2.12. | Swapping station footprints and storage capacity |
| 3.2.13. | Swapping station footprint per MWh of storage capacity |
| 3.2.14. | Battery swap modes |
| 3.2.15. | Battery pack universality is hard to achieve |
| 3.2.16. | What's inside a BSS and how are they differentiated? |
| 3.2.17. | Nio BSS - how it works |
| 3.2.18. | Nio BSS components |
| 3.2.19. | Nio BSS tech specs |
| 3.2.20. | Controlling the BSS |
| 3.2.21. | Locking/unlocking the battery: Nio |
| 3.2.22. | Nio battery pack options |
| 3.2.23. | Nio to offer even more battery capacity |
| 3.2.24. | Aulton BSS: how it works |
| 3.2.25. | Aulton BSS tech specs |
| 3.2.26. | Locking/unlocking the battery: Aulton/BAIC |
| 3.2.27. | Botan swapping technology |
| 3.2.28. | Botan revives side to side pull out swap |
| 3.2.29. | Botan swapping modes |
| 3.2.30. | CATL EVOGO swapping technology |
| 3.2.31. | Ample swapping technology |
| 3.2.32. | Power Swap - swapping technology |
| 3.2.33. | Power Swap - automatic swapping unit components |
| 3.2.34. | System design for swapping |
| 3.2.35. | Comparison of different battery mounting options |
| 3.2.36. | Battery-to-grid within the battery swapping model |
| 3.2.37. | Safety - what can go wrong while swapping? |
| 3.3. | Battery Swapping Market |
| 3.3.1. | Market entrants |
| 3.3.2. | Location matters |
| 3.3.3. | Stakeholders |
| 3.3.4. | Tesla and Better Place swapping business models |
| 3.3.5. | Business model of Chinese enterprises |
| 3.3.6. | Battery as a Service (BaaS) business model - a disintegrated approach |
| 3.3.7. | Why BaaS will be a popular model |
| 3.3.8. | Nio sets up separate battery asset company |
| 3.3.9. | BaaS has low TCO in the short term |
| 3.3.10. | Nio lets users opt out of BaaS plan |
| 3.3.11. | Who owns the battery? |
| 3.3.12. | Battery swapping is becoming big business |
| 3.3.13. | Cost comparison |
| 3.3.14. | Fire risks and recalls in swapping |
| 3.3.15. | Swap enabled EV models |
| 3.3.16. | Passenger battery swapping EV models |
| 3.3.17. | Growing market for swap enabled EVs for private users |
| 3.3.18. | Commercial battery swapping EV models |
| 3.3.19. | Swap-enabled EVs to station ratio - not enough swap stations? |
| 3.3.20. | Multi aspect analysis of battery swapping ecosystem |
| 3.4. | Battery Swapping Players |
| 3.4.1. | Chinese swapping players overview |
| 3.4.2. | Battery swapping partnerships |
| 3.4.3. | Nio aka Weilai |
| 3.4.4. | Nio financials and company factsheet |
| 3.4.5. | Nio sales picking up and production ramping up |
| 3.4.6. | Nio - Sinopec partnership |
| 3.4.7. | Nio and local counterparts |
| 3.4.8. | Nio's Europe expansion |
| 3.4.9. | Nio swap stations in Europe to use Technotrans cooling solution |
| 3.4.10. | Nio swap station deployment |
| 3.4.11. | Nio station to vehicle ratio |
| 3.4.12. | BAIC BJEV |
| 3.4.13. | BAIC BJEV - Blue Park Smart Energy |
| 3.4.14. | Blue Park Smart Energy - SKI Innovation partnership |
| 3.4.15. | Blue Park Smart Energy - Bosch - Mitsubishi partnership |
| 3.4.16. | Aulton aka Aodong |
| 3.4.17. | Aulton's commercial approach vs Nio's private approach |
| 3.4.18. | Aulton partnerships - a brand neutral swapping experience |
| 3.4.19. | Infradianba: Chinese-German battery swapping venture |
| 3.4.20. | Hangzhou First Technology Co. aka Botan |
| 3.4.21. | Botan partnerships |
| 3.4.22. | Geely: ambitious latecomer |
| 3.4.23. | Geely and Lifan JV - Ruilan |
| 3.4.24. | CATL EVOGO - need based battery rental |
| 3.4.25. | CATL's entry into the swapping business |
| 3.4.26. | GAC Aion - latest Chinese market entrant |
| 3.4.27. | SAIC-GM-Wuling |
| 3.4.28. | Power Swap - European swapping player |
| 3.4.29. | Battswap - compact van swapping |
| 3.4.30. | Ample - swapping in the US |
| 3.4.31. | Adaptive City Mobility (ACM) |
| 4. | BATTERY SWAPPING FOR TWO AND THREE-WHEELERS |
| 4.1. | Introduction |
| 4.1.1. | Electric Two-wheelers: Power Classes |
| 4.1.2. | The rise of electric two and three-wheelers |
| 4.1.3. | Electric two-wheelers (E2W) in India |
| 4.1.4. | Electric three-wheelers (E3W) in India |
| 4.1.5. | Electric two and three-wheelers dominate EV sales in India |
| 4.1.6. | India moto market forecast |
| 4.1.7. | India: Historic E2W Market Growth |
| 4.1.8. | Rise of Li-ion in India |
| 4.1.9. | E2W by Power Class and Battery Type 2015-2041 |
| 4.1.10. | Gigafactories in India |
| 4.1.11. | List of EV Startups in India |
| 4.1.12. | How swapping for two and three-wheelers differs from four-wheelers |
| 4.1.13. | The proposition for electric two-wheeler swapping |
| 4.1.14. | The light electric vehicle interchangeable battery consortium |
| 4.1.15. | Benefits and challenges for two and three-wheeler swapping |
| 4.2. | Two and three wheeler swapping technology |
| 4.2.1. | Self-service swapping process |
| 4.2.2. | Two and three wheeler swapping architectures |
| 4.2.3. | Gogoro swapping technology |
| 4.2.4. | Sun Mobility technology (2 & 3-wheeler solution) |
| 4.2.5. | Piaggio's e3W using Sun Mobility swapping architecture |
| 4.2.6. | Standalone model - a distributed architecture |
| 4.2.7. | Hub and spoke model - a centralised architecture |
| 4.2.8. | Defining specifications for swapping architecture in India |
| 4.2.9. | Centralised and closed loop management of batteries |
| 4.3. | Two and three wheeler swapping players |
| 4.3.1. | Gogoro |
| 4.3.2. | Gogoro business model |
| 4.3.3. | Gogoro swap station network |
| 4.3.4. | Gogoro partnerships |
| 4.3.5. | Gogoro expansion plans |
| 4.3.6. | Gogoro's swappable solid state battery prototype |
| 4.3.7. | Oyika |
| 4.3.8. | Ampersand |
| 4.3.9. | Kymco - Ionex Recharge |
| 4.3.10. | Immotor |
| 4.3.11. | MBI - mbigo |
| 4.3.12. | Mbigo Sharing Battery Station (SBS) specification |
| 4.3.13. | Swobbee |
| 4.3.14. | Zeway |
| 4.3.15. | Sun Mobility - swapping in Indian EV ecosystem |
| 4.3.16. | Sun Mobility partnerships |
| 4.3.17. | Hero brand clarity |
| 4.3.18. | Honda |
| 4.3.19. | Gachaco |
| 4.3.20. | Battery Smart |
| 4.3.21. | RACEnergy |
| 4.3.22. | Voltup |
| 4.3.23. | Bounce |
| 4.3.24. | Lithion Power |
| 4.3.25. | BatteryPool |
| 4.3.26. | Esmito |
| 4.3.27. | Two and three wheeler swapping players summary |
| 4.3.28. | IDTechEx opinion on the state of swapping in India |
| 5. | BATTERY SWAPPING FOR COMMERCIAL HEAVY DUTY AND CAM SEGMENTS |
| 5.1. | Introduction |
| 5.1.1. | Electric heavy vehicles in China |
| 5.1.2. | Electric truck OEMs in China |
| 5.1.3. | Mounting swappable batteries in trucks |
| 5.1.4. | Chinese battery swapping electric heavy trucks (EHTs) |
| 5.1.5. | Technical parameters for battery swapping EHT models |
| 5.1.6. | Battery-swapping truck market share in China |
| 5.1.7. | Heavy-duty truck swapping stations in China |
| 5.1.8. | Major Chinese players in the battery swapping supply chain |
| 5.1.9. | Challenges of battery swapping for electric trucks |
| 5.1.10. | Advantages of battery swapping for electric trucks |
| 5.1.11. | Swapping promotes safer battery management and higher battery lifecycle value |
| 5.1.12. | Ecosystem for battery swapping in electric trucks |
| 5.1.13. | Battery swapping for electric buses |
| 5.1.14. | Bus stations to battery swap stations? |
| 5.1.15. | Side to side swapping for electric buses |
| 5.1.16. | Side to side swapping in practice |
| 5.1.17. | Battery swapping feasibility for heavy duty applications |
| 5.2. | CAM and commercial heavy duty battery swapping players |
| 5.2.1. | Komatsu / Honda micro electric excavators |
| 5.2.2. | Gehl electric skid steer with battery swap |
| 5.2.3. | Hyundai excavator HX260AL electric |
| 5.2.4. | Doosan DX300LC electric |
| 5.2.5. | Limach E88.1 excavator |
| 5.2.6. | PV-E crane 100% electric crawler cranes |
| 5.2.7. | Chinese OEMs electric mixer trucks |
| 5.2.8. | Sany's battery swapping station debut |
| 5.2.9. | Chinese battery swapping dump trucks |
| 5.2.10. | Etrucks swapping range |
| 5.2.11. | Janus Electric |
| 5.2.12. | Edison Motors buses |
| 5.2.13. | Foton C10/C12 EV |
| 5.2.14. | Ashok Leyland Circuit S |
| 5.2.15. | Sun Mobility technology (bus solution) |
| 5.2.16. | Project eHaul to test robotic battery swapping for trucks |
| 5.2.17. | Route Charge - Battery changing system for medium distances commercial vehicles |
| 6. | BATTERY SWAPPING STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND POLICIES |
| 6.1. | International swap standards: an overview |
| 6.2. | IEC 62840 |
| 6.3. | Comparison between swap standards |
| 6.4. | National policies aid swapping and provide tailwinds |
| 6.5. | Policies - China |
| 6.6. | Policies - India |
| 6.7. | Indian state level policies |
| 7. | FORECASTS |
| 7.1. | Forecast methodology and assumptions |
| 7.2. | Global cumulative swap station deployment by segment 2021-2032 |
| 7.3. | Global new swap station deployment by segment 2021-2032 |
| 7.4. | Car swap stations by region 2021-2032 |
| 7.5. | Total number of swap stations in China 2021-2032 |
| 7.6. | New car swap stations in China |
| 7.7. | Car swap stations by swapping mode 2021-2032 |
| 7.8. | Car swap stations by swapping type 2021-2032 |
| 7.9. | Total two and three wheeler swap stations 2021-2032 |
| 7.10. | New two and three wheeler swap stations 2021-2032 |
| 7.11. | Total commercial heavy duty swap stations 2021-2032 |
| 7.12. | New commercial heavy duty swap stations 2021-2032 |
| 7.13. | Global swap station storage capacity per year |
| 7.14. | Car swap station storage capacity 2021-2032 |
| 7.15. | Two and three wheeler swap station storage capacity 2021-2032 |
| 7.16. | Commercial heavy duty swap station storage capacity 2021-2032 |
| 7.17. | Global battery swapping infrastructure market value per year |
| 7.18. | Conclusions |