| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 
| 1.1. | 5G, next generation cellular communications network | 
| 1.2. | Two types of 5G: Sub-6 GHz and mmWave | 
| 1.3. | Summary: Global trends and new opportunities in 5G/6G | 
| 1.4. | Updates on mmWave 5G deployment by region | 
| 1.5. | Updates on mmWave 5G deployment by region | 
| 1.6. | New opportunities for low-loss materials in mmWave 5G | 
| 1.7. | Low-loss materials for 5G/6G discussed in this report | 
| 1.8. | Applications of low-loss materials in semiconductor and electronics packaging | 
| 1.9. | Evolution of low-loss materials used in different applications | 
| 1.10. | Evolution of organic PCB materials for 5G | 
| 1.11. | Benchmark of commercial low-loss organic laminates @ 10 GHz | 
| 1.12. | Benchmark of LTCC and glass materials | 
| 1.13. | Benchmarking of commercial low-loss materials for 5G PCBs/components | 
| 1.14. | Status and outlook of commercial low-loss materials for 5G PCBs/components | 
| 1.15. | Key low-loss materials supplier landscape | 
| 1.16. | Packaging trends for 5G and 6G connectivity | 
| 1.17. | Packaging trends for 5G and 6G connectivity | 
| 1.18. | Benchmark of low loss materials for AiP | 
| 1.19. | Overview: Redistribution layers in advanced semiconductor packages for 5G smartphones | 
| 1.20. | IDTechEx outlook of low-loss materials for 6G | 
| 1.21. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G: Area and revenue | 
| 1.22. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G segmented by frequency | 
| 1.23. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G segmented by material type: Revenue and area | 
| 1.24. | Market discussion: Low-loss materials for 5G base stations | 
| 1.25. | Market discussion: Low-loss materials for 5G | 
| 1.26. | Market discussion: Low-loss materials for 5G smartphone antennas | 
| 1.27. | Market discussion: Low-loss materials for 5G CPEs | 
| 1.28. | Conclusions | 
| 2. | INTRODUCTION | 
| 2.1. | Terms and definitions | 
| 2.1.1. | IDTechEx definitions of "substrate" | 
| 2.1.2. | IDTechEx definitions of "package" | 
| 2.1.3. | Glossary of abbreviations | 
| 2.2. | Introduction to 5G | 
| 2.2.1. | Evolution of mobile communications | 
| 2.2.2. | 5G commercial/pre-commercial services (2022) | 
| 2.2.3. | 5G, next generation cellular communications network | 
| 2.2.4. | 5G standardization roadmap | 
| 2.2.5. | Two types of 5G: Sub-6 GHz and mmWave | 
| 2.2.6. | 5G network deployment strategy | 
| 2.2.7. | Low, mid-band 5G is often the operator's first choice to provide 5G national coverage | 
| 2.2.8. | Approaches to overcome the challenges of 5G limited coverage | 
| 2.2.9. | 5G Commercial/Pre-commercial Services by Frequency | 
| 2.2.10. | 5G mmWave commercial/pre-commercial services (Sep. 2022) | 
| 2.2.11. | Mobile private networks landscape - By frequency | 
| 2.2.12. | Updates on mmWave 5G deployment by region | 
| 2.2.13. | Updates on mmWave 5G deployment by region | 
| 2.2.14. | The main technique innovations in 5G | 
| 2.2.15. | 5G for mobile consumers market overview | 
| 2.2.16. | 5G for industries overview | 
| 2.2.17. | 5G supply chain overview | 
| 2.2.18. | 5G user equipment player landscape | 
| 2.2.19. | 5G for home: Fixed wireless access (FWA) | 
| 2.2.20. | 5G Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) | 
| 2.2.21. | Summary: Global trends and new opportunities in 5G | 
| 2.3. | Introduction to low-loss materials for 5G | 
| 2.3.1. | Overview of challenges, trends, and innovations for high frequency 5G devices | 
| 2.3.2. | New opportunities for low-loss materials in mmWave 5G | 
| 2.3.3. | Applications of low-loss materials in semiconductor and electronics packaging | 
| 2.3.4. | Anatomy of a copper clad laminate | 
| 2.3.5. | Applications of low-loss materials: Beamforming system in 5G base station | 
| 2.3.6. | Applications of low-loss materials: PCBs in 5G CPEs | 
| 2.3.7. | Applications for low-loss materials: mmWave 5G antenna module for smartphones | 
| 2.3.8. | Applications for low-loss materials: Semiconductor packages | 
| 2.3.9. | Roadmap of Df/Dk development across all packaging materials for mmWave 5G | 
| 3. | LOW-LOSS MATERIALS AT THE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) AND COMPONENT LEVEL | 
| 3.1. | Introduction | 
| 3.1.1. | Overview of low-loss materials for PCBs and semiconductor packages | 
| 3.1.2. | Five important metrics impacting low-loss materials selection | 
| 3.2. | Low-loss organic laminate overview | 
| 3.2.1. | Electric properties of common polymers | 
| 3.2.2. | Thermoplastics vs thermosets | 
| 3.2.3. | Thermoplastics vs thermosets for 5G | 
| 3.2.4. | Evolution of organic PCB materials for 5G | 
| 3.2.5. | Innovation trends for organic high frequency laminate materials | 
| 3.2.6. | Hybrid system: Cost reduction for high frequency circuit boards | 
| 3.2.7. | Key suppliers for high frequency and high-speed copper clad laminate | 
| 3.2.8. | Benchmark of commercialised low-loss organic laminates | 
| 3.2.9. | Benchmark of commercial low-loss organic laminates @ 10 GHz | 
| 3.2.10. | Other examples of low-loss laminates | 
| 3.3. | Low-loss thermosets | 
| 3.3.1. | Strategies to achieve lower dielectric loss and trade-offs | 
| 3.3.2. | Factors affecting dielectric loss: Polarizability and molar volume | 
| 3.3.3. | Factors affecting dielectric loss: curing temperature | 
| 3.3.4. | Strategies to reduce Dk and Df: Low polarity functional groups or atomic bonds | 
| 3.3.5. | Strategies to reduce Dk and Df: Additives | 
| 3.3.6. | Strategies to reduce Dk: Bulky structures | 
| 3.3.7. | Strategies to reduce Dk: Porous structures | 
| 3.3.8. | Strategies to reduce Df: Rigid structures | 
| 3.3.9. | Where is the limit of Dk for modified thermosets? | 
| 3.3.10. | The influence of Dk and substrate choice on PCB feature size | 
| 3.3.11. | The challenge of thinning the PCB-substrate for high frequency applications | 
| 3.3.12. | Low-loss thermoset suppliers: Ajinomoto Group's Ajinomoto Build Up Film (ABF) | 
| 3.3.13. | Low-loss thermoset suppliers: Taiyo Ink's epoxy-based build-up materials | 
| 3.3.14. | Low-loss thermoset suppliers: Taiyo Ink's epoxy-based build-up materials | 
| 3.3.15. | Low-loss thermoset suppliers: DuPont's Pyralux laminates | 
| 3.3.16. | Low-loss thermoset suppliers: Laird's ECCOSTOCK | 
| 3.3.17. | Low-loss thermoset suppliers: Panasonic's R5410 | 
| 3.3.18. | Low-loss thermoset suppliers: JSR Corp's aromatic polyether (HC polymer) | 
| 3.3.19. | Low-loss thermoset suppliers: Showa Denko's polycyclic thermoset | 
| 3.3.20. | Low-loss thermoset laminate suppliers: Mitsubishi Gas Chemical's BT laminate | 
| 3.3.21. | Low-loss thermoset laminate suppliers: Isola | 
| 3.3.22. | Low-loss thermoset laminate suppliers: Isola | 
| 3.4. | Low-loss thermoplastics: Liquid crystal polymers | 
| 3.4.1. | Liquid crystal polymers (LCP) | 
| 3.4.2. | LCP classification | 
| 3.4.3. | LCP antennas in smartphones and FPCBs | 
| 3.4.4. | Liquid crystal polymer supply chain | 
| 3.4.5. | Liquid crystal polymer supply chain for printed circuit boards: Companies | 
| 3.4.6. | LCP types and key suppliers | 
| 3.4.7. | LCP as an alternative to PI for flexible printed circuit boards | 
| 3.4.8. | LCP vs PI: Dk and Df | 
| 3.4.9. | LCP vs PI: Moisture | 
| 3.4.10. | LCP vs PI: Flexibility | 
| 3.4.11. | LCP vs MPI: Cost | 
| 3.4.12. | LCP vs MPI: FCCL signal loss | 
| 3.4.13. | Commercial LCP and LCP-FCCL products | 
| 3.4.14. | Next-generation materials for smartphone antennas | 
| 3.4.15. | Evolution of smartphone antennas from 2G to mmWave 5G | 
| 3.4.16. | LCP product suppliers: Murata's MetroCirc antennas for smartphones | 
| 3.4.17. | LCP product suppliers: Career Technology | 
| 3.4.18. | LCP product suppliers: Avary/ZDT | 
| 3.4.19. | LCP product suppliers: KGK (Kyodo Giken Kagaku) | 
| 3.4.20. | LCP product suppliers: SYTECH's LCP-FCCL for mmWave 5G applications | 
| 3.4.21. | LCP product suppliers: iQLP | 
| 3.4.22. | LCP product suppliers: IQLP and DuPont's LCP-PCB | 
| 3.5. | Thermoplastic polymer: PTFE | 
| 3.5.1. | An introduction to fluoropolymers and PTFE | 
| 3.5.2. | Key properties of PTFE to consider for 5G applications | 
| 3.5.3. | Effect of crystallinity on the dielectric properties of PTFE-based laminates | 
| 3.5.4. | Key applications of PTFE in 5G | 
| 3.5.5. | Hybrid couplers using PTFE as a substrate | 
| 3.5.6. | Ceramic-filled vs glass-filled PTFE laminates | 
| 3.5.7. | Concerns of using PTFE-based laminates for high frequency 5G | 
| 3.5.8. | PTFE laminate suppliers: Rogers' Advanced Connectivity Solutions | 
| 3.5.9. | PTFE laminate suppliers: Rogers' ceramic-filled PTFE laminates | 
| 3.5.10. | PTFE laminate suppliers: Taconic | 
| 3.5.11. | PTFE laminate suppliers: SYTECH | 
| 3.6. | Sustainability in low-loss materials: PTFE | 
| 3.6.1. | Introduction to PFAS | 
| 3.6.2. | Concerns with PFAS | 
| 3.6.3. | Regulatory outlook for PFAS: EU | 
| 3.6.4. | Regulatory outlook for PFAS: USA | 
| 3.6.5. | Dutch court ruling on environmental damage caused by PFAS materials | 
| 3.6.6. | Regulations on PFAS as relevant to low-loss materials | 
| 3.7. | Other organic materials | 
| 3.7.1. | Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO): Sabic | 
| 3.7.2. | Poly(p-phenylene ether) (PPE): Panasonic's  MEGTRON | 
| 3.7.3. | Modified poly(p-phenylene ether) (mPPE): Asahi Kasei's XYRON | 
| 3.7.4. | Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS): Solvay's materials for base station antennas | 
| 3.7.5. | Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS): Toray's transparent, heat-resistant film | 
| 3.7.6. | Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT): Toray | 
| 3.7.7. | Hydrocarbon-based laminates | 
| 3.7.8. | Polymer aerogels as antenna substrates | 
| 3.7.9. | Aerogel suppliers: Blueshift's AeroZero for polyimide aerogel laminates | 
| 3.7.10. | Wood-derived cellulose nanofibril | 
| 3.7.11. | Polycarbonate (PC): Covestro's materials for injection-molded enclosures and covers | 
| 3.8. | Inorganic materials | 
| 3.9. | Ceramics/low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) | 
| 3.9.1. | 5G application areas for ceramics/LTCC | 
| 3.9.2. | Introduction to ceramic materials | 
| 3.9.3. | The evolution from HTCC to LTCC | 
| 3.9.4. | Benchmark of LTCC materials | 
| 3.9.5. | Dielectric constant: Stability vs frequency for different inorganic substrates (LTCC, glass) | 
| 3.9.6. | Temperature stability of dielectric parameters of HTCC and LTCC alumina | 
| 3.9.7. | LTCC suppliers: Ferro | 
| 3.9.8. | LTCC suppliers: DuPont | 
| 3.9.9. | LTCC and HTCC-based substrates | 
| 3.9.10. | HTCC metal-ceramic packages | 
| 3.9.11. | LTCC substrate for RF transitions | 
| 3.9.12. | Production challenges of multilayer LTCC package | 
| 3.9.13. | LTCC suppliers: Kyocera's LTCC-based packages | 
| 3.9.14. | LTCC suppliers: Kyocera's LTCC-based packages | 
| 3.9.15. | LTCC suppliers: Kyocera's LTCC-based products and development projects | 
| 3.9.16. | Need for filter technologies beyond SAW/BAW | 
| 3.9.17. | Filter technologies compatible with mmWave 5G | 
| 3.9.18. | Benchmark of selected filter technologies for mmWave 5G applications | 
| 3.9.19. | Materials for transmission-line filters | 
| 3.9.20. | Role of LTCC and glass for future RF filter substrates | 
| 3.9.21. | LTCC suppliers: NGK's multi-layer LTCC filters | 
| 3.9.22. | LTCC suppliers: Minicircuits' multilayer LTCC filter | 
| 3.9.23. | LTCC suppliers: Sunway communication's phased array antenna for mmWave 5G phones | 
| 3.9.24. | LTCC suppliers: Tecdia's thin film and ceramic capacitors | 
| 3.10. | Glass | 
| 3.10.1. | Glass substrate | 
| 3.10.2. | Benchmark of various glass substrates | 
| 3.10.3. | Glass suppliers: JSK's HF-F for low transmission loss laminates | 
| 3.10.4. | Glass suppliers: SCHOTT's FLEXINITY connect | 
| 3.10.5. | Glass suppliers: AGC/ALCAN System's transparent antennas for windows | 
| 3.10.6. | Glass as a filter substrate | 
| 3.10.7. | Glass integrated passive devices (IPD) filter for 5G by Advanced Semiconductor Engineering | 
| 3.10.8. | Summary of low-loss materials for PCBs and RF components | 
| 3.10.9. | Benchmarking of commercial low-loss materials for 5G PCBs/components | 
| 3.10.10. | Status and outlook of commercial low-loss materials for 5G PCBs/components | 
| 3.10.11. | Property overview of low-loss materials | 
| 3.10.12. | Options for mmWave filter substrates | 
| 4. | LOW-LOSS MATERIALS AT THE PACKAGE-LEVEL | 
| 4.1. | Overview of electronic and semiconductor packaging | 
| 4.1.1. | Overview of general electronic packaging | 
| 4.1.2. | Overview of advanced semiconductor packaging | 
| 4.1.3. | From 1D to 3D semiconductor packaging | 
| 4.1.4. | Overview of semiconductor packaging technologies | 
| 4.1.5. | Packaging trends for 5G and 6G connectivity | 
| 4.2. | System in package (SiP) | 
| 4.2.1. | Heterogeneous integration solutions | 
| 4.2.2. | Overview of System on Chip (SOC) | 
| 4.2.3. | Overview of Multi-Chip Module (MCM) | 
| 4.2.4. | System in Package (SiP) | 
| 4.2.5. | Analysis of System in Package (SiP) | 
| 4.2.6. | Trend of increasing SiP content in electronics | 
| 4.3. | Towards AiP (antenna in package) | 
| 4.3.1. | High frequency integration and packaging trend | 
| 4.3.2. | Qualcomm: Antenna in package design (antenna on a substrate with flip chipped ICs) | 
| 4.3.3. | Evolution of Qualcomm mmWave AiP | 
| 4.3.4. | High frequency integration and packaging: Requirements and challenges | 
| 4.3.5. | Three methods for mmWave antenna integration | 
| 4.3.6. | Benchmarking of antenna packaging technologies | 
| 4.3.7. | AiP development trend | 
| 4.3.8. | Two types of AiP structures | 
| 4.3.9. | Two types of IC-embedded technology | 
| 4.3.10. | Two types of IC-embedded technology | 
| 4.3.11. | Key market players for IC-embedded technology by technology type | 
| 4.3.12. | Low loss materials: Key for 5G mmWave AiP | 
| 4.3.13. | Choices of low-loss materials for 5G mmWave AiP | 
| 4.3.14. | Benchmark of low loss materials for AiP | 
| 4.3.15. | Organic materials: the mainstream choice for substrates in AiP | 
| 4.3.16. | LTCC AiP for 5G: TDK | 
| 4.3.17. | Glass substrate AiP for 5G: Georgia Tech | 
| 4.3.18. | Summary of AiP for 5G | 
| 4.4. | Epoxy molded compounds (EMC) and mold under fill (MUF) | 
| 4.4.1. | What are EMC and MUFs? | 
| 4.4.2. | Epoxy Molding Compound (EMC) | 
| 4.4.3. | Key parameters for EMC materials | 
| 4.4.4. | Importance of dielectric constant for EMC used in 5G applications | 
| 4.4.5. | Experimental and commercial EMC products with low dielectric constant | 
| 4.4.6. | Epoxy resin: Parameters of different resins and hardener systems | 
| 4.4.7. | Fillers for EMC | 
| 4.4.8. | EMC for warpage management | 
| 4.4.9. | Supply chain for EMC materials | 
| 4.4.10. | EMC innovation trends for 5G applications | 
| 4.4.11. | High warpage control EMC for FO-WLP | 
| 4.4.12. | Possible solutions for warpage and die shift | 
| 4.4.13. | EMC suppliers: Sumitomo Bakelite | 
| 4.4.14. | EMC suppliers: Sumitomo Bakelite | 
| 4.4.15. | EMC suppliers: Kyocera's EMCs for semiconductors | 
| 4.4.16. | EMC suppliers: Samsung SDI | 
| 4.4.17. | EMC suppliers: Showa Denko | 
| 4.4.18. | EMC suppliers: Showa Denko's sulfur-free EMC | 
| 4.4.19. | EMC suppliers: KCC Corporation | 
| 4.4.20. | Molded underfill (MUF) | 
| 4.4.21. | MUF critical for flip clip molding technology | 
| 4.4.22. | Liquid molding compound (LMC) for compression molding | 
| 4.5. | Ink-based EMI shielding | 
| 4.5.1. | What is electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding? | 
| 4.5.2. | Package shielding involves compartmental and conformal shielding | 
| 4.5.3. | What materials are used for EMI shielding? | 
| 4.5.4. | Impact of changes in semiconductor package design | 
| 4.5.5. | Key trends for EMI shielding implementation | 
| 4.5.6. | Comparison of sputtering and spraying | 
| 4.5.7. | Process flow for competing printing methods | 
| 4.5.8. | Supplier details confirm that sputtering is the dominant approach | 
| 4.5.9. | Value chain for conformal package-level shielding | 
| 4.5.10. | Sputtering for package-level EMI shielding | 
| 4.5.11. | Conclusions: Spraying/printing for package-level EMI shielding | 
| 4.5.12. | Other deposition methods for package-level EMI shielding | 
| 4.5.13. | Early commercial example of package-level shielding | 
| 4.5.14. | Conformal package-level EMI shielding accompanied by compartmentalization | 
| 4.5.15. | Smartphone deployment example: Conformal shielding in Apple iPhone 12 | 
| 4.5.16. | Suppliers targeting ink-based conformal EMI shielding | 
| 4.5.17. | Ink-based EMI shielding suppliers: Henkel | 
| 4.5.18. | Ink-based EMI shielding suppliers: Duksan | 
| 4.5.19. | Ink-based EMI shielding suppliers: Ntrium | 
| 4.5.20. | Ink-based EMI shielding suppliers: Clariant | 
| 4.5.21. | Ink-based EMI shielding suppliers: Fujikura Kasei | 
| 4.5.22. | Spray machines used in conformal EMI shielding | 
| 4.5.23. | Particle size and morphology influence EMI shielding | 
| 4.5.24. | EMI shielding with particle-free inks | 
| 4.5.25. | Heraeus' inkjet printed particle-free Ag inks | 
| 4.5.26. | Key trend for EMI shielding: Compartmentalization of complex packages | 
| 4.5.27. | The challenge of magnetic shielding at low frequencies (I) | 
| 4.5.28. | The challenge of magnetic shielding at low frequencies (II) | 
| 5. | LOW-LOSS MATERIALS AT THE WAFER-LEVEL | 
| 5.1. | Redistribution layer (RDL) | 
| 5.2. | Redistribution layer (RDL) vs silicon | 
| 5.3. | Importance of low-loss RDL materials for different packaging technologies | 
| 5.4. | Low-loss RDL materials for mmWave: TSMC's InFO AiP | 
| 5.5. | Polymer dielectric materials for RDL | 
| 5.6. | Key parameters for organic RDL materials for next generation 2.5D fan-out packaging | 
| 5.7. | Benchmark of organic dielectrics for RDL | 
| 5.8. | RDL-dielectric suppliers: Toray's polyimide materials | 
| 5.9. | RDL-dielectric suppliers: DuPont's Arylalkyl polymers | 
| 5.10. | RDL-dielectric suppliers: DuPont's InterVia | 
| 5.11. | RDL-dielectric suppliers: HD Microsystems | 
| 5.12. | RDL-dielectric suppliers: Taiyo Ink's epoxy-based high-density RDL | 
| 5.13. | RDL-dielectric suppliers: Ajinomoto's nanofiller ABF | 
| 5.14. | RDL-dielectric supplier: Showa Denko | 
| 5.15. | Market for low-loss RDLs - Advanced semiconductor packages for 5G smartphones | 
| 5.16. | Overview: Redistribution layers in advanced semiconductor packages for 5G smartphones | 
| 6. | LOW-LOSS MATERIALS FOR 6G | 
| 6.1. | Overview | 
| 6.1.1. | Evolution of mobile communications | 
| 6.1.2. | 5G/6G development and standardization roadmap | 
| 6.1.3. | IDTechEx outlook for 6G | 
| 6.1.4. | 6G spectrum - Which bands are considered? | 
| 6.1.5. | Spectrum outlook from 2G to 6G | 
| 6.1.6. | Overview of potential 6G services | 
| 6.1.7. | 6G - An overview of key applications | 
| 6.1.8. | Overview of land-mobile service applications in the frequency range 275-450 GHz | 
| 6.1.9. | Summary: Global trends and new opportunities in 6G | 
| 6.1.10. | Technical innovation comparison between 5G and 6G | 
| 6.1.11. | IDTechEx outlook of low-loss materials for 6G | 
| 6.1.12. | Research approaches for 6G low-loss materials by material category | 
| 6.1.13. | RDL materials for 6G | 
| 6.1.14. | Polyimide films for 6G | 
| 6.1.15. | Thermoplastics for 6G: Georgia Tech | 
| 6.1.16. | PTFE for 6G: Yonsei University, GIST | 
| 6.1.17. | PPS for 6G: Sichuan University | 
| 6.1.18. | Thermosets for 6G: ITEQ Corporation, INAOE | 
| 6.1.19. | PPE for 6G: Taiyo Ink, Georgia Institute of Technology | 
| 6.1.20. | Silicate materials for 6G: University of Oulu, University of Szeged | 
| 6.1.21. | Silicate materials for 6G: Aalborg University, Penn State | 
| 6.1.22. | Silicate materials for 6G: Tokyo Institute of Technology, AGC | 
| 6.1.23. | Glass for 6G: Georgia Tech | 
| 6.1.24. | Glass interposers for 6G | 
| 6.1.25. | LTCC for 6G: Fraunhofer IKTS | 
| 6.1.26. | Ceramics for 6G: overview | 
| 6.1.27. | Alumina fillers for 6G: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology | 
| 6.1.28. | Sustainable materials for 6G: University of Oulu | 
| 6.1.29. | Metal interposers for 6G: Cubic-Nuvotronics | 
| 6.1.30. | Roadmap for development of low-loss materials for 6G | 
| 6.1.31. | Roadmap for development of low-loss materials for 6G | 
| 6.1.32. | Standards for low-loss materials for 6G | 
| 6.2. | Radio-frequency metamaterials for 6G | 
| 6.2.1. | What is a metamaterial? | 
| 6.2.2. | Segmenting the metamaterial landscape | 
| 6.2.3. | Metamaterials for 6G: Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) | 
| 6.2.4. | Key drivers for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces in telecommunications | 
| 6.2.5. | The current status of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) | 
| 6.2.6. | Key takeaways for RIS | 
| 6.2.7. | Materials selection for RF metamaterials: Introduction | 
| 6.2.8. | Operational frequency ranges by application | 
| 6.2.9. | Comparing relevant substrate materials at low frequencies | 
| 6.2.10. | Comparing relevant substrate materials at high frequencies | 
| 6.2.11. | Identifying suitable materials for active RF metamaterials near THz | 
| 6.2.12. | PP and PTFE show better performance than PET | 
| 6.2.13. | RIS for 5G/6G: Suitable RF metamaterials | 
| 6.2.14. | Metamaterials in RIS for 5G/6G: SWOT | 
| 7. | FORECASTS | 
| 7.1. | Forecast methodology and scope | 
| 7.2. | Low-loss material forecasts for 5G | 
| 7.2.1. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G: Area and revenue | 
| 7.2.2. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G segmented by material type: Revenue and area | 
| 7.2.3. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G segmented by frequency | 
| 7.2.4. | Market discussion: Low-loss materials for 5G | 
| 7.3. | Low-loss material forecasts for 5G infrastructure | 
| 7.3.1. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G base stations segmented by frequency | 
| 7.3.2. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G base stations segmented by material | 
| 7.3.3. | Market discussion: Low-loss materials for 5G base stations | 
| 7.3.4. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G base stations segmented by components | 
| 7.4. | Low-loss material forecasts for 5G smartphones | 
| 7.4.1. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G smartphone antennas segmented by frequency | 
| 7.4.2. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G smartphone antennas segmented by material | 
| 7.4.3. | Market discussion: Low-loss materials for 5G smartphone antennas | 
| 7.5. | Low-loss material forecasts for 5G customer premises equipment (CPEs) | 
| 7.5.1. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G CPEs segmented by frequency: Area and revenue | 
| 7.5.2. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G CPEs segmented by material: Area and revenue | 
| 7.5.3. | Market discussion: Low-loss materials for 5G CPEs | 
| 8. | CONCLUSION | 
| 8.1. | Conclusions | 
| 9. | COMPANY PROFILES | 
| 10. | APPENDIX | 
| 10.1. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G base stations segmented by material and component | 
| 10.2. | Forecast for low-loss materials for 5G - Segmented by frequency and application | 
| 10.3. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G smartphones segmented by material | 
| 10.4. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G CPEs segmented by material | 
| 10.5. | Forecast of low-loss materials for 5G segmented by material |