| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 
| 1.1. | Why CO₂ utilization? | 
| 1.2. | CO₂ utilization pathways | 
| 1.3. | CO₂-EOR dominates utilization of captured CO₂ | 
| 1.4. | World's large-scale CO₂ capture with CO₂-EOR facilities | 
| 1.5. | Key takeaways in CO₂-EOR | 
| 1.6. | Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications | 
| 1.7. | Key players in emerging CO₂ Utilization technologies | 
| 1.8. | Production of CO₂-derived building materials is growing fast | 
| 1.9. | CO₂ use in the cement and concrete supply chain | 
| 1.10. | Competitive landscape: TRL of players in CO₂U concrete | 
| 1.11. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials | 
| 1.12. | Carbon-containing chemicals could be made from CO₂ | 
| 1.13. | The chemical industry's decarbonization challenge | 
| 1.14. | Major pathways to convert CO₂ into polymers | 
| 1.15. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived chemicals and polymers | 
| 1.16. | Emerging applications of CO₂ utilization | 
| 1.17. | CO₂-derived fuels could decarbonize transport | 
| 1.18. | Main routes to CO₂-derived fuels | 
| 1.19. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived fuels | 
| 1.20. | CO₂ utilization to boost biological yields | 
| 1.21. | Key takeaways in CO₂ biological yield boosting | 
| 1.22. | Factors driving CO₂U future market potential | 
| 1.23. | Policy and regulation framework | 
| 1.24. | Carbon utilization potential and climate benefits | 
| 1.25. | CO₂ utilization: Analyst viewpoint (i) | 
| 1.26. | CO₂ utilization: Analyst viewpoint (ii) | 
| 1.27. | CO₂ utilization: Analyst viewpoint (iii) | 
| 1.28. | CO₂ utilization forecast by product (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 1.29. | CO₂ utilization market forecast, 2024-2044: discussion | 
| 2. | INTRODUCTION | 
| 2.1. | Definition and report scope | 
| 2.2. | IDTechEx's Carbon Management Portfolio | 
| 2.3. | The world needs an unprecedented transition away from fossil carbon | 
| 2.4. | Why CO₂ utilization? | 
| 2.5. | How is CO₂ used and sourced today? | 
| 2.6. | CO₂ utilization pathways | 
| 2.7. | Reductive vs non-reductive methods | 
| 2.8. | CO₂ Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery | 
| 2.9. | CO₂ Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery | 
| 2.10. | Main emerging applications of CO₂ utilization | 
| 2.11. | Emerging applications of CO₂ utilization | 
| 2.12. | Carbon Utilization potential and climate benefits | 
| 2.13. | When can CO₂ utilization be considered "net-zero"? | 
| 2.14. | Is the origin of CO₂ important? | 
| 2.15. | Factors driving future market potential | 
| 2.16. | Policy and regulation framework | 
| 2.17. | Voluntary carbon credit market | 
| 2.18. | Cost effectiveness of CO₂ utilization applications | 
| 2.19. | Traction in CO₂U: funding worldwide | 
| 2.20. | Technical challenges of major CO₂U applications | 
| 2.21. | Climate benefits of major CO₂U applications | 
| 2.22. | Technology readiness and climate benefits of CO₂U pathways | 
| 2.23. | Carbon utilization business models | 
| 2.24. | Conclusions | 
| 3. | CO₂ ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY | 
| 3.1. | What is CO₂-EOR? | 
| 3.2. | What happens to the injected CO₂? | 
| 3.3. | Types of CO₂-EOR designs | 
| 3.4. | The CO₂ source: natural vs anthropogenic | 
| 3.5. | The CO₂ source impacts costs and technology choice | 
| 3.6. | Global status of CO₂-EOR: U.S. dominates but other regions arise | 
| 3.7. | World's large-scale CO₂ capture with CO₂-EOR facilities | 
| 3.8. | CO₂-EOR potential | 
| 3.9. | Most CO₂ in the U.S. is still naturally sourced | 
| 3.10. | CO₂-EOR main players in the U.S. | 
| 3.11. | CO₂-EOR main players in North America | 
| 3.12. | CO₂ transportation is a bottleneck | 
| 3.13. | Which CCUS/EOR project is the biggest? | 
| 3.14. | Boundary Dam - battling capture technical issues | 
| 3.15. | CO₂-EOR in China | 
| 3.16. | The economics of promoting CO₂ storage through CO₂-EOR | 
| 3.17. | Role of Carbon sequestration tax credits: the U.S. 45Q | 
| 3.18. | The impact of oil prices on CO₂-EOR feasibility | 
| 3.19. | Petra Nova's long shutdown: lessons for the industry? | 
| 3.20. | Climate considerations in CO₂-EOR | 
| 3.21. | The climate impact of CO₂-EOR varies over time | 
| 3.22. | CO₂-EOR: an on-ramp for CCS and DACCS? | 
| 3.23. | CO₂-EOR: Progressive or "Greenwashing" | 
| 3.24. | Future advancements in CO₂-EOR | 
| 3.25. | CO₂-EOR SWOT analysis | 
| 3.26. | Key takeaways: market | 
| 3.27. | Key takeaways: environmental | 
| 4. | CO₂ UTILIZATION IN BUILDING MATERIALS | 
| 4.1. | Overview | 
| 4.1.1. | The role of concrete in the construction sector emissions | 
| 4.1.2. | The role of cement in concrete's carbon footprint | 
| 4.1.3. | The role of cement in concrete's carbon footprint (ii) | 
| 4.1.4. | The Basic Chemistry: CO₂ Mineralization | 
| 4.1.5. | CO₂ use in the cement and concrete supply chain | 
| 4.1.6. | Can the CO₂ used in building materials come from cement plants? | 
| 4.2. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing | 
| 4.2.1. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing | 
| 4.2.2. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing (ii) | 
| 4.2.3. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing - key players | 
| 4.3. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates (aggregates and additives) | 
| 4.3.1. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates (aggregates and additives) | 
| 4.3.2. | CO₂-derived carbonates from natural minerals | 
| 4.3.3. | CO₂-derived carbonates from waste | 
| 4.3.4. | CO₂-derived carbonates from waste (ii) | 
| 4.3.5. | Carbonation of recycled concrete in a cement plant | 
| 4.3.6. | Carbonation of recycled concrete players | 
| 4.3.7. | CO₂ utilization in additive carbonates - key players (i) | 
| 4.3.8. | CO₂ utilization in additive carbonates - key players (ii) | 
| 4.4. | Market analysis of CO₂-derived building materials | 
| 4.4.1. | The market potential of CO₂ use in the construction industry | 
| 4.4.2. | Supplying CO₂ to a decentralized concrete industry | 
| 4.4.3. | Future of CO₂ supply for concrete | 
| 4.4.4. | Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets | 
| 4.4.5. | Market dynamics of cement and concrete | 
| 4.4.6. | CO₂U business models in building materials | 
| 4.4.7. | ASTM standards | 
| 4.4.8. | CO₂U technology adoption in construction materials | 
| 4.4.9. | CO₂ utilization players in mineralization | 
| 4.4.10. | Competitive landscape: TRL of players in CO₂U concrete | 
| 4.4.11. | Factors influencing CO₂U adoption in construction | 
| 4.4.12. | Factors influencing CO₂U adoption in construction (ii) | 
| 4.4.13. | Concrete carbon footprint of key CO₂U companies | 
| 4.4.14. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials | 
| 4.4.15. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials (ii) | 
| 4.4.16. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials (iii) | 
| 5. | CO₂-DERIVED CHEMICALS | 
| 5.1. | Overview | 
| 5.1.1. | The chemical industry's decarbonization challenge | 
| 5.1.2. | CO₂ can be converted into a giant range of chemicals | 
| 5.1.3. | Using CO₂ as a feedstock is energy-intensive | 
| 5.1.4. | The basics: types of CO₂ utilization reactions | 
| 5.2. | CO₂-derived chemicals: pathways and products | 
| 5.2.1. | CO₂ conversion pathways in this chapter | 
| 5.2.2. | CO₂ use in urea production | 
| 5.2.3. | CO₂ may need to be first converted into CO or syngas | 
| 5.2.4. | Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: syngas to hydrocarbons | 
| 5.2.5. | Direct Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: CO₂ to hydrocarbons | 
| 5.2.6. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction | 
| 5.2.7. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction catalysts | 
| 5.2.8. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction technologies | 
| 5.2.9. | Low-temperature electrochemical CO₂ reduction | 
| 5.2.10. | ECO₂Fuel Project | 
| 5.2.11. | High-temperature solid oxide electrolyzers | 
| 5.2.12. | H2O electrolysis industry much more developed than CO₂ electrolysis | 
| 5.2.13. | Topsoe | 
| 5.2.14. | Cost comparison of CO₂ electrochemical technologies | 
| 5.2.15. | Coupling H2 and electrochemical CO₂ | 
| 5.2.16. | What products can be made from CO₂ reduction? | 
| 5.2.17. | Economic viability CO₂ reduction products | 
| 5.2.18. | USA and Europe leading the way in CO₂ electrolysis | 
| 5.2.19. | Summary of electrochemical CO₂ reduction | 
| 5.2.20. | CO₂ microbial conversion to produce chemicals | 
| 5.2.21. | CO₂-consuming microorganisms | 
| 5.2.22. | LanzaTech | 
| 5.2.23. | CO₂ microbial conversion players (i) | 
| 5.2.24. | CO₂ microbial conversion players (ii) | 
| 5.2.25. | Methanol is a valuable chemical feedstock | 
| 5.2.26. | Cost parity has been a challenge for CO₂-derived methanol | 
| 5.2.27. | Thermochemical methods: CO₂-derived methanol | 
| 5.2.28. | Carbon Recycling International: Direct hydrogenation | 
| 5.2.29. | Major CO₂-derived methanol projects | 
| 5.2.30. | Future methanol applications | 
| 5.2.31. | Aromatic hydrocarbons from CO₂ | 
| 5.2.32. | "Artificial photosynthesis" - photocatalytic reduction methods | 
| 5.2.33. | Plasma technology for CO₂ conversion | 
| 5.3. | CO₂-derived polymers | 
| 5.3.1. | Major pathways to convert CO₂ into polymers | 
| 5.3.2. | CO₂-derived linear-chain polycarbonates | 
| 5.3.3. | Commercial production of polycarbonate from CO₂ | 
| 5.3.4. | Asahi Kasei: CO₂-based aromatic polycarbonates | 
| 5.3.5. | Commercial production of CO₂-derived polymers | 
| 5.3.6. | Methanol to olefins (polypropylene production) | 
| 5.3.7. | Project announcements in 2023: Electrochemical polymer production | 
| 5.3.8. | PHB from Biological Conversion: Newlight | 
| 5.4. | CO₂-derived pure carbon products | 
| 5.4.1. | Carbon nanostructures made from CO₂ | 
| 5.4.2. | Mars Materials | 
| 5.5. | CO₂-derived chemicals: market and general considerations | 
| 5.5.1. | Players in CO₂-derived chemicals by end-product | 
| 5.5.2. | CO₂-derived chemicals: market potential | 
| 5.5.3. | Are CO₂-derived chemicals climate beneficial? | 
| 5.5.4. | Investments and industrial collaboration are key | 
| 5.5.5. | Steel-off gases as a CO₂U feedstock | 
| 5.5.6. | Centralized or distributed chemical manufacturing? | 
| 5.5.7. | Could the chemical industry run on CO₂? | 
| 5.6. | CO₂-derived chemicals: takeaways | 
| 5.6.1. | Which CO₂U technologies are more suitable to which products? | 
| 5.6.2. | Technical feasibility of main CO₂-derived chemicals | 
| 5.6.3. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived chemicals | 
| 6. | CO₂-DERIVED FUELS | 
| 6.1. | What are CO₂-derived fuels (power-to-X)? | 
| 6.2. | CO₂ can be converted into a variety of fuels | 
| 6.3. | Summary of main routes to CO₂-fuels | 
| 6.4. | The challenge of energy efficiency | 
| 6.5. | CO₂-fuels are pertinent to a specific context | 
| 6.6. | CO₂-fuels in road vehicles | 
| 6.7. | Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) synthesis | 
| 6.8. | CO₂-fuels in shipping | 
| 6.9. | CO₂-fuels in aviation | 
| 6.10. | Sustainable aviation fuel policies (i) | 
| 6.11. | Sustainable aviation fuel policies (ii) | 
| 6.12. | Power-to-methane | 
| 6.13. | Synthetic natural gas - thermocatalytic pathway | 
| 6.14. | Biological fermentation of CO₂ into methane | 
| 6.15. | Drivers and barriers for Power-to-Methane technology adoption | 
| 6.16. | Power-to-Methane projects worldwide - current and announced | 
| 6.17. | Can CO₂-fuels achieve cost parity with fossil-fuels? | 
| 6.18. | CO₂-fuels rollout is linked to electrolyzer capacity | 
| 6.19. | Low-carbon hydrogen is crucial to CO₂-fuels | 
| 6.20. | CO₂-derived fuels projects announced - regional | 
| 6.21. | CO₂-derived fuels projects worldwide over time - current and announced | 
| 6.22. | CO₂-fuels from solar power | 
| 6.23. | Companies in CO₂-fuels by end-product | 
| 6.24. | CO₂-derived fuel: players | 
| 6.25. | CO₂-derived fuel: players (ii) | 
| 6.26. | Are CO₂-fuels climate beneficial? | 
| 6.27. | CO₂-derived fuels SWOT analysis | 
| 6.28. | CO₂-derived fuels: market potential | 
| 6.29. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived fuels | 
| 7. | CO₂ UTILIZATION IN BIOLOGICAL YIELD BOOSTING | 
| 7.1. | Overview | 
| 7.1.1. | CO₂ utilization in biological processes | 
| 7.1.2. | Main companies using CO₂ in biological processes | 
| 7.2. | CO₂ utilization in greenhouses | 
| 7.2.1. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses | 
| 7.2.2. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: market potential | 
| 7.2.3. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: pros and cons | 
| 7.2.4. | Advancements in greenhouse CO₂ enrichment | 
| 7.3. | CO₂ utilization in algae cultivation | 
| 7.3.1. | CO₂-enhanced algae or cyanobacteria cultivation | 
| 7.3.2. | CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems | 
| 7.3.3. | CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems | 
| 7.3.4. | Algae CO₂ capture from cement plants | 
| 7.3.5. | Algae has multiple market applications | 
| 7.3.6. | The algae-based fuel market has been rocky | 
| 7.3.7. | Algae-based fuel for aviation | 
| 7.3.8. | CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: pros and cons | 
| 7.4. | CO₂ utilization in microbial conversion: food and feed production | 
| 7.4.1. | CO₂ utilization in biomanufacturing | 
| 7.4.2. | CO₂-consuming microorganisms | 
| 7.4.3. | Food and feed from CO₂ | 
| 7.4.4. | CO₂-derived food and feed: market | 
| 7.4.5. | Carbon fermentation: pros and cons | 
| 7.4.6. | Key takeaways in CO₂ biological yield boosting | 
| 8. | CO₂ UTILIZATION MARKET FORECAST | 
| 8.1. | Overview | 
| 8.1.1. | Forecast scope and methodology | 
| 8.1.2. | Forecast product categories | 
| 8.2. | CO₂ utilization overall market forecast | 
| 8.2.1. | CO₂ utilization forecast by category (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.2.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast by product (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.2.3. | Data table for CO₂ utilization forecast by product (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year) | 
| 8.2.4. | Carbon utilization annual revenue forecast by category (billion US$), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.2.5. | Carbon utilization annual revenue forecast by product (billion US$), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.2.6. | CO₂ utilization market forecast, 2024-2044: discussion | 
| 8.2.7. | The evolution of the CO₂U market | 
| 8.3. | CO₂-Enhanced Oil Recovery forecast | 
| 8.3.1. | CO₂-EOR forecast assumptions | 
| 8.3.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.3.3. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.3.4. | Captured CO₂ use in EOR, 2024-2044: discussion | 
| 8.4. | CO₂-derived building materials forecast | 
| 8.4.1. | CO₂-derived building materials: forecast assumptions | 
| 8.4.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in building materials by end-use (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.4.3. | CO₂-derived building materials volume forecast by product (million metric tonnes of product per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.4.4. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-derived building materials by product (million US$), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.4.5. | CO₂-derived building materials forecast, 2024-2044: discussion (i) | 
| 8.4.6. | CO₂-derived building materials forecast, 2024-2044: discussion (ii) | 
| 8.5. | CO₂-derived chemicals forecast | 
| 8.5.1. | CO₂-derived chemicals: forecast assumptions | 
| 8.5.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.5.3. | CO₂-derived chemicals volume forecast by end-use (million metric tonnes product per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.5.4. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-derived chemicals by end-use (million US$), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.5.5. | CO₂-derived chemicals forecast, 2024-2044: discussion | 
| 8.6. | CO₂-derived fuels forecast | 
| 8.6.1. | CO₂-derived fuels: forecast assumptions | 
| 8.6.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in fuels by fuel type (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.6.3. | CO₂-derived fuels volume forecast by fuel type (million metric tonnes of fuel per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.6.4. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-derived fuels by fuel type (million US$), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.6.5. | CO₂-derived fuels forecast, 2024-2044: discussion (i) | 
| 8.6.6. | CO₂-derived fuels forecast, 2024-2044: discussion (ii) | 
| 8.7. | CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting forecast | 
| 8.7.1. | CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting: forecast assumptions (greenhouses) | 
| 8.7.2. | CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting: forecast assumptions (algae and proteins) | 
| 8.7.3. | CO₂ utilization forecast in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.7.4. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million US$), 2024-2044 | 
| 8.7.5. | CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting forecast, 2024-2044: discussion (greenhouses) | 
| 8.7.6. | CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting forecast, 2024-2044: discussion (algae & proteins) | 
| 9. | APPENDIX | 
| 9.1. | Players in CO₂-derived polymers (i) | 
| 9.2. | Players in CO₂-derived polymers (ii) | 
| 9.3. | Players in CO₂-derived solid carbon | 
| 10. | COMPANY PROFILES | 
| 10.1. | Aether Diamonds | 
| 10.2. | Arborea | 
| 10.3. | Avantium: Volta Technology | 
| 10.4. | Blue Planet Systems | 
| 10.5. | Cambridge Carbon Capture | 
| 10.6. | CarbiCrete | 
| 10.7. | Carboclave | 
| 10.8. | Carbon Corp | 
| 10.9. | Carbon Recycling International | 
| 10.10. | Carbon Upcycling Technologies | 
| 10.11. | Carbonaide | 
| 10.12. | CarbonBuilt | 
| 10.13. | CarbonCure | 
| 10.14. | CarbonFree | 
| 10.15. | CERT Systems | 
| 10.16. | Chiyoda: CCUS | 
| 10.17. | CO2 GRO Inc. | 
| 10.18. | Coval Energy | 
| 10.19. | Deep Branch | 
| 10.20. | Dimensional Energy | 
| 10.21. | Econic Technologies | 
| 10.22. | Electrochaea GmbH | 
| 10.23. | Fortera Corporation | 
| 10.24. | GreenCap Solutions | 
| 10.25. | Greenore | 
| 10.26. | LanzaTech | 
| 10.27. | Liquid Wind | 
| 10.28. | Mars Materials | 
| 10.29. | neustark | 
| 10.30. | Newlight Technologies | 
| 10.31. | OBRIST Group | 
| 10.32. | O.C.O Technology | 
| 10.33. | OxEon Energy | 
| 10.34. | Paebbl | 
| 10.35. | Prometheus Fuels | 
| 10.36. | Seratech | 
| 10.37. | SkyNano LLC | 
| 10.38. | Solar Foods | 
| 10.39. | Solidia Technologies | 
| 10.40. | Synhelion | 
| 10.41. | Twelve Corporation | 
| 10.42. | UP Catalyst |