| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 
| 1.1. | Three Key Takeaways for the Automotive Radar Market | 
| 1.2. | Introduction to Automotive Radar | 
| 1.3. | ADAS Applications Enabled by Front Radar | 
| 1.4. | ADAS Applications Enabled by Side Radar | 
| 1.5. | Growth in ADAS Availability Over the Past 20 years | 
| 1.6. | Percentage of Vehicles Shipped With Key ADAS Features in 2022 | 
| 1.7. | SAE Automation Levels Definition | 
| 1.8. | Growth in Level 2 Deployment Since 2020 | 
| 1.9. | Number of Radars Shipped per Vehicle | 
| 1.10. | Number of Radars Used in SAE Levels 0, 1 & 2 | 
| 1.11. | No of Sensors Required for Autonomous Cars - Level 0 to Level 4 and Robotaxis | 
| 1.12. | The Need For and Emergence of Imaging Radar | 
| 1.13. | 4D Radars and Imaging Radars | 
| 1.14. | Existing 4D Imaging Radars on the Market | 
| 1.15. | Vehicles Currently Using 4D Imaging Radars | 
| 1.16. | Semiconductor Technology Trends in Radar | 
| 1.17. | Future Radar Packaging Choices | 
| 1.18. | Passenger Vehicle Sales Forecast by Region 2019-2044 | 
| 1.19. | Autonomous Vehicles Forecast by SAE level 2022-2044 | 
| 1.20. | Sensors for Autonomous Vehicles 2024-2044 | 
| 1.21. | Radar Unit Sales for Different SAE Levels 2020-2044 | 
| 1.22. | Regional Radar Sales 2020-2024 | 
| 1.23. | Sales Revenue From Radar by SAE Level 2020-2044 | 
| 1.24. | Company profiles | 
| 2. | INTRODUCTION | 
| 2.1. | Radar - Radio Detection and Ranging | 
| 2.2. | Typical Sensor Suite for Autonomous Cars | 
| 2.3. | Radar | 
| 2.4. | Sensors and their Purpose | 
| 2.5. | Where does Radar Sit in the Sensor Trio? | 
| 2.6. | ADAS Adoption by Region in 2022 | 
| 2.7. | Functions of Autonomous Driving at Different Levels | 
| 2.8. | ADAS and AV Key Terminologies | 
| 2.9. | SAE Levels of Automation in Cars | 
| 2.10. | Legislative Barriers for Private Autonomous Vehicles | 
| 2.11. | Safety Mandated Features Driving Wider Radar Adoption | 
| 2.12. | Typical Sensor Suites and the Purpose of Each Sensor | 
| 2.13. | Quantity per Car - Level 2 | 
| 2.14. | Sensors per Vehicle: Level 3 and Above | 
| 2.15. | No More Medium Range Radar (MRR) | 
| 2.16. | Occupant Detection | 
| 2.17. | Radar Anatomy | 
| 2.18. | Radar Key Components | 
| 2.19. | Primary Radar Components - The Antenna | 
| 2.20. | Primary Radar Components - the RF Transceiver | 
| 2.21. | Primary Radar Components - MCU | 
| 3. | REGULATORY & LEGISLATIVE PROGRESS FOR PRIVATE VEHICLES | 
| 3.1.1. | Why Regulating Autonomous Vehicles is Important for the Continued Growth of Radar | 
| 3.1.2. | Privately Owned Autonomous Vehicles | 
| 3.1.3. | Legislation and Autonomy | 
| 3.2. | Europe | 
| 3.2.1. | EU Mandating Level 2 Autonomy from July 2022 | 
| 3.2.2. | Level 3 roll out in Europe (1) | 
| 3.2.3. | Level 3 Roll Out in Europe (2) | 
| 3.2.4. | Level 3 outlook in Europe | 
| 3.2.5. | UNECE 2023 Update | 
| 3.3. | US | 
| 3.3.1. | Level 3, Legislation, US | 
| 3.3.2. | Mercedes S-Class first level 3 car in US | 
| 3.3.3. | Outlook for the US | 
| 3.4. | China | 
| 3.4.1. | Level 3, Legislation, China | 
| 3.4.2. | Shenzhen Moves Towards Level 3 | 
| 3.4.3. | Outlook for China | 
| 3.5. | Japan | 
| 3.5.1. | Private Autonomous Vehicles in Japan | 
| 3.5.2. | World Overview | 
| 3.5.3. | The Autonomous Legal Race | 
| 4. | PRIVATE AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES | 
| 4.1. | ADAS Features | 
| 4.1.1. | ADAS Functions and Radar | 
| 4.1.2. | IDTechEx's ADAS Feature Database | 
| 4.1.3. | ADAS Adoption by Region in 2022 | 
| 4.1.4. | ADAS Feature Deployment in the US | 
| 4.1.5. | ADAS Feature Deployment in the China | 
| 4.1.6. | ADAS Feature Deployment in EU + UK + EFTA | 
| 4.1.7. | ADAS Feature Deployment in Japan | 
| 4.1.8. | SAE Level Adoption by Region 2020 vs 2022 | 
| 4.2. | Examples and Case Studies | 
| 4.2.1. | Sensor Suite Disclaimer | 
| 4.2.2. | Honda | 
| 4.2.3. | Honda Legend - Sensor suite | 
| 4.2.4. | Mercedes S-Class (2021), EQS (2022) | 
| 4.2.5. | Mercedes S-class - Sensor Suite | 
| 4.2.6. | Daimler/Bosch Autonomous Parking | 
| 4.2.7. | Ford, VW and Argo AI | 
| 4.2.8. | Audi | 
| 4.2.9. | Case study - Audi A8 (2017) | 
| 4.2.10. | Tesla | 
| 4.2.11. | Tesla's Unusual Approach | 
| 4.2.12. | Tesla's Sensor Suite | 
| 4.2.13. | Super Cruise (GM) and BlueCruise (Ford) | 
| 4.2.14. | Cadillac Escalade - Sensor suite | 
| 4.2.15. | China - XPeng and Arcfox | 
| 4.2.16. | Leaders | 
| 4.2.17. | Private Vehicle Leaders | 
| 4.3. | Sensors for Private Vehicles | 
| 4.3.1. | Front Radar Applications | 
| 4.3.2. | The Role of Side Radars | 
| 4.3.3. | Front and Side Radars per Car | 
| 4.3.4. | Total Radars per Car for Different SAE levels | 
| 4.3.5. | Vehicle camera applications | 
| 4.3.6. | E-mirrors, an emerging camera application | 
| 4.3.7. | External Cameras for Autonomous Driving | 
| 4.3.8. | Internal Cameras for Autonomous Driver Monitoring | 
| 4.3.9. | LiDARs in automotive applications | 
| 4.3.10. | LiDAR Deployment | 
| 4.3.11. | Total Sensors For Level 0 to Level 4 and Robotaxis | 
| 4.3.12. | Summary of Privately Owned Autonomous Vehicles | 
| 4.4. | Key Player Analysis | 
| 4.4.1. | State of Development | 
| 4.4.2. | Waymo | 
| 4.4.3. | Waymo Sensor Suite | 
| 4.4.4. | Cruise | 
| 4.4.5. | Cruise Sensor Suite | 
| 4.4.6. | Waymo and Cruise's Ground Up Robotaxi Vehicles | 
| 4.4.7. | AutoX | 
| 4.4.8. | AutoX Sensor Suite | 
| 4.4.9. | Baidu/Apollo | 
| 4.4.10. | Baidu's Ground Up Robotaxi | 
| 4.4.11. | Mobileye - One of the Most Significant Testers Not in California | 
| 4.4.12. | Robotaxi Sensor Suite Analysis (1) | 
| 4.4.13. | Robotaxi Sensor Suite Analysis (2) | 
| 5. | TIER 1 RADARS, START-UP RADARS & TIER 2 TRANSCEIVERS | 
| 5.1.1. | Radar Key Performance Indicators | 
| 5.2. | Tier 2 - Transceivers | 
| 5.2.1. | What is the Transceiver? | 
| 5.2.2. | Texas Instruments - CMOS Transceiver with AOP | 
| 5.2.3. | Texas Instruments Range of Integration | 
| 5.2.4. | NXP - CMOS Transceiver | 
| 5.2.5. | STMicroelectronics - SiGe Transceiver | 
| 5.2.6. | Infineon - Moving Over to CMOS | 
| 5.2.7. | Analogue Devices | 
| 5.2.8. | Global Foundries - CMOS Partnership with Bosch | 
| 5.3. | Tier 1 - Radars | 
| 5.3.1. | Continental ARS540 - Product | 
| 5.3.2. | Continental | 
| 5.3.3. | Bosch | 
| 5.3.4. | Denso | 
| 5.3.5. | Hella | 
| 5.3.6. | ZF - Future | 
| 5.3.7. | Magna fails to acquire Veoneer, But Supplies Next Gen. Radar to Fisker | 
| 5.3.8. | Other Tier 1s | 
| 5.3.9. | Tier 1 Leaders and Laggards | 
| 5.3.10. | Vertical Integration of Radar | 
| 5.4. | New Radar Entrants | 
| 5.4.1. | Table of Emerging Radar Players | 
| 5.4.2. | Arbe | 
| 5.4.3. | Arbe and its Investors | 
| 5.4.4. | Sensrad - Bringing Arbe's Technology to New Markets | 
| 5.4.5. | Mobileye | 
| 5.4.6. | Metawave | 
| 5.4.7. | Metawave and its Investors | 
| 5.4.8. | Zadar | 
| 5.4.9. | High Performance And Cost Effective Imaging Radar From Zendar | 
| 5.4.10. | Software Enabled High Performance Radar With Spartan | 
| 5.4.11. | Smart Radar System (SRS) | 
| 5.4.12. | Vayyar - Chip Manufacturer | 
| 5.4.13. | Oculii (Acquired in 2021) | 
| 5.4.14. | Lunewave - 3D Printed Radar Antenna | 
| 5.4.15. | Others | 
| 5.4.16. | Funding for Radar Start-ups | 
| 6. | PERFORMANCE TRENDS IN RADAR | 
| 6.1.1. | IDTechEx Radar Trends Primary Research Method | 
| 6.1.2. | Radar Trends: Volume and Footprint | 
| 6.1.3. | Radar Trends: Packaging and Performance | 
| 6.1.4. | Radar Trends: Increasing Range | 
| 6.1.5. | Radar Trends: Field of View | 
| 6.1.6. | Trading FOV with Range | 
| 6.1.7. | Radar Trends: Angular Resolution (lower is better) | 
| 6.1.8. | Radar Trends: Virtual Channel Count | 
| 6.1.9. | Radar Trends: Virtual Channels and Resolution | 
| 6.1.10. | Radars Limited Resolution | 
| 6.1.11. | Two Approaches to Larger Channel Counts | 
| 6.1.12. | Packaging and Integration Trends | 
| 6.1.13. | Radar Trilemma | 
| 7. | ROUTES TO 4D AND IMAGING RADAR | 
| 7.1.1. | Why 4D and Imaging Radars are Needed | 
| 7.1.2. | Difference between 4D and 4D Imaging Radar | 
| 7.1.3. | The Rayleigh Criterion | 
| 7.1.4. | Option 1 - Increase the Operating Frequency | 
| 7.1.5. | Option 2 - Larger Aperture, Zendar | 
| 7.1.6. | Plastic Omnium's Functionalized Bumper | 
| 7.1.7. | Option 3 - Super-Resolution Software | 
| 7.1.8. | Another Solution - Scanning | 
| 7.1.9. | 4D Imaging Radar Examples | 
| 7.1.10. | 4D Imaging Radar Benchmarking Method | 
| 7.1.11. | 4D Imaging Radar Benchmarking Result | 
| 7.1.12. | Deployments of 4D Imaging Radars | 
| 8. | RADAR IN LOCALISATION | 
| 8.1.1. | What is Localisation? | 
| 8.1.2. | Localization: Absolute vs Relative | 
| 8.1.3. | Main Methods of Localisation | 
| 8.1.4. | Radar Mapping | 
| 8.1.5. | Radar Localisation: Navtech | 
| 8.1.6. | Radar Localisation: GPR (previously WaveSense) | 
| 9. | TECHNOLOGY TRENDS WITHIN RADAR | 
| 9.1. | Waveforms and MIMO | 
| 9.1.1. | Introduction to Waveforms | 
| 9.1.2. | Typical Performance with FMCW (single Tx/Rx) (1) | 
| 9.1.3. | Typical Performance with FMCW (single Tx/Rx) (2) | 
| 9.1.4. | Multiple Inputs, Multiple Outputs | 
| 9.1.5. | Scaling up of MIMO | 
| 9.1.6. | Oculii (acquired by Ambarella | 
| 9.1.7. | Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing | 
| 9.1.8. | Multiple Frequency Shift Key (MFSK) | 
| 9.1.9. | Random/Noise/Digital Code Modulation | 
| 9.1.10. | Uhnder - DCM MIMO Chip Developer | 
| 9.2. | Frequency trends | 
| 9.2.1. | Which Way is Frequency Going? | 
| 9.2.2. | Applications of Different Frequencies | 
| 9.2.3. | Applications of Different Frequencies | 
| 9.2.4. | Automotive Radar Frequency Trends | 
| 9.2.5. | Which Parameters Limit the Achievable KPIs | 
| 9.2.6. | The Significance of | 
| 9.2.7. | Example of High Frequency Radar Imaging | 
| 9.2.8. | Packaging Benefits | 
| 9.2.9. | Ranging | 
| 9.2.10. | Surface Ice Detection | 
| 9.2.11. | Radar Imaging at 300GHz from Fraunhofer | 
| 9.2.12. | Adoption Path of High Frequency Radars | 
| 9.2.13. | Challenges and Hurdles for High Frequency Radar | 
| 9.2.14. | Regulation | 
| 9.3. | Transceivers - Semiconductor Technologies and Cascading | 
| 9.3.1. | The trend towards smaller transistors | 
| 9.3.2. | Transceivers Semiconductor Trends: Power and Noise | 
| 9.3.3. | Transceivers Semiconductor Trends: Power and Noise | 
| 9.3.4. | Transceivers Semiconductor Trends: Virtual Channels | 
| 9.3.5. | SiGe BiCMOS | 
| 9.3.6. | CMOS | 
| 9.3.7. | FD-SOI | 
| 9.3.8. | The Future | 
| 9.3.9. | Timeline | 
| 9.3.10. | Automotive radar trending towards more advanced silicon | 
| 9.4. | Radomes, Antennas, Materials and Board Trends | 
| 9.4.1. | Importance of the Radome | 
| 9.4.2. | Radome and Range | 
| 9.4.3. | Ideal Radome Properties | 
| 9.4.4. | Radome Shape Considerations | 
| 9.4.5. | Preperm | 
| 9.4.6. | Laird - Side Lobe Reduction Skirt Material | 
| 9.4.7. | Radar Aesthetics, Form and Function | 
| 9.4.8. | Other material considerations | 
| 9.4.9. | Key Material Suppliers | 
| 9.5. | Radar Material Selection and Benchmarking | 
| 9.5.1. | Dielectric Constant: Benchmarking Different Substrate Technologies | 
| 9.5.2. | Dielectric Constant: Stability vs Frequency for Different Organic Substrates | 
| 9.5.3. | Dielectric Constant: Stability vs Frequency for Different Inorganic Substrates (LTCC, Glass) | 
| 9.5.4. | Loss Tangent: Benchmarking Different Substrate Technologies | 
| 9.5.5. | Loss Tangent: Stability vs Frequency For Different Substrates | 
| 9.5.6. | Dielectric Constant and Loss Tangent Stability: Behaviour at mmWave Frequencies and Higher | 
| 9.5.7. | Temperature Stability of Dielectric Constant: Benchmarking Organic Substrates | 
| 9.5.8. | Moisture Uptake: Benchmarking Different Substrate Technologies | 
| 9.6. | Antennas | 
| 9.6.1. | Antenna Design | 
| 9.6.2. | Patch Array Design | 
| 9.6.3. | Patch Array in Practice | 
| 9.6.4. | Phased Array Antennas | 
| 9.6.5. | Metawave - Analogue Beamforming/Beam Steering | 
| 9.6.6. | Echodyne | 
| 9.6.7. | Lunewave - 3D Printed Antenna | 
| 9.6.8. | Antenna Miniaturisation | 
| 9.6.9. | Board Trends | 
| 10. | RADAR MARKET, SUPPLIERS, SHARES, STRUCTURE, CHANGES | 
| 10.1. | Availability of ADAS | 
| 10.2. | Adoption of ADAS Driving Radar Growth | 
| 10.3. | Level 3 Vehicles and Further Radar Adoption | 
| 10.4. | Tesla and Subaru | 
| 10.5. | Tier One Market Share by Volume - All Radars | 
| 10.6. | Tier One Market Share by Revenue - All Radar | 
| 10.7. | Tier One Market Share by Revenue - Front Radar | 
| 10.8. | Top OEM Front Radar Choices | 
| 10.9. | Front Radar Popularity by Region - US and EU + UK + EFTA | 
| 10.10. | Front Radar Popularity by Region - China and Japan | 
| 10.11. | Tier One Market Share by Revenue - Side Radar | 
| 10.12. | Top OEM Side Radar Choices | 
| 10.13. | Side Radar Popularity by Region - US and EU + UK + EFTA | 
| 10.14. | Side Radar Popularity by Region - China and Japan | 
| 10.15. | Radar Model Age | 
| 10.16. | Most Popular Radar Models in US | 
| 10.17. | Most popular radar models in EU + UK + EFTA | 
| 11. | FORECASTS | 
| 11.1. | Methodology - Autonomous Vehicles Report and Total Number of Radars | 
| 11.2. | Methodology - Technology Splits | 
| 11.3. | Addressable Market - Passenger Vehicle Sales Forecast by Region 2019-2044 | 
| 11.4. | Addressable Market - Autonomous Vehicles Forecast by SAE level 2022-2044 | 
| 11.5. | Forecasting Method: Sensors | 
| 11.6. | Addressable Market - Sensors for Autonomous Vehicles 2022-2044 | 
| 11.7. | Radar Unit Sales by SAE Level Forecast - 2020-2044 | 
| 11.8. | Radar Unit Sales by Region Forecast - 2020-2044 | 
| 11.9. | Radar Sales Revenue Forecast by SAE Level 2020-2044 | 
| 11.10. | Radar Unit Sales Forecast in US by SAE Level 2020-2044 | 
| 11.11. | Radar Unit Sales Forecast in China by SAE Level 2020-2044 | 
| 11.12. | Radar Unit Sales Forecast in EU + UK + EFTA by SAE Level 2024-2044 | 
| 11.13. | Radar Unit Sales Forecast in Japan by SAE Level 2020-2044 | 
| 11.14. | Short-Range Radar Forecast by Virtual Channels 2020-2044 | 
| 11.15. | Long-Range Radar Forecast by Virtual Channels 2020-2044 | 
| 11.16. | Total Radar Market by No. Virtual Channels 2020-2044 | 
| 11.17. | Radar Sales Proportionally by Frequency 2020-2044 | 
| 11.18. | Radar Sales Proportionally by Semiconductor Technology 2024-2044 | 
| 11.19. | Low-Loss Material Market Forecast for Automotive Radar 2020-2044 | 
| 12. | COMPANY PROFILES | 
| 12.1. | Arbe (2021) | 
| 12.2. | Bosch (2021) | 
| 12.3. | Continental - infrastructure radar | 
| 12.4. | Continental (2021) | 
| 12.5. | Fisker | 
| 12.6. | Greenerwave | 
| 12.7. | Kayaki Advanced Materials | 
| 12.8. | Metawave | 
| 12.9. | Mobileye | 
| 12.10. | Mobileye (2021) | 
| 12.11. | Nodar | 
| 12.12. | NXP (2021) | 
| 12.13. | Plastic Omnium | 
| 12.14. | Pontosense | 
| 12.15. | Sensrad | 
| 12.16. | Smart Radar System | 
| 12.17. | Spartan Radar | 
| 12.18. | Uhnder | 
| 12.19. | Waymo | 
| 12.20. | Zadar Labs | 
| 12.21. | Zendar |