| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 
| 1.1. | Manufacturing printed & flexible electronics: An introduction | 
| 1.2. | Comparing benefits of conventional and printed/flexible electronics | 
| 1.3. | Motivation for R2R electronics manufacturing | 
| 1.4. | Improving speed and sustainability | 
| 1.5. | Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing | 
| 1.6. | Can R2R manufacturing be used for high mix low volume (HMLV)? | 
| 1.7. | Readiness level: R2R manufacturing technologies | 
| 1.8. | Summary: Roll-to-roll manufacturing | 
| 1.9. | What is analogue printing? | 
| 1.10. | Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods | 
| 1.11. | Summary: Analogue printing methods | 
| 1.12. | Introduction to digital printing | 
| 1.13. | Digital printing spans multiple length scales | 
| 1.14. | Technological and commercial readiness level of digital printing methods | 
| 1.15. | Summary: Digital printing methods | 
| 1.16. | Technological and commercial readiness of different printing methods | 
| 1.17. | Benchmarking ink types: Throughput vs minimum feature size | 
| 1.18. | Introduction to vacuum deposition for flexible electronics | 
| 1.19. | Summary: Vacuum deposition | 
| 1.20. | Additive circuit prototyping: an introduction | 
| 1.21. | Readiness level of additive circuit prototyping | 
| 1.22. | Summary: Additive circuit prototyping | 
| 1.23. | Mounting components on printed/flexible electronics: Introduction | 
| 1.24. | Readiness level of methods for mounting components on flexible substrate | 
| 1.25. | Summary: methods for mounting components on printed/flexible electronics | 
| 1.26. | Overall forecast: Analogue printing methods | 
| 1.27. | Overall forecast: Analogue printing methods (proportion) | 
| 1.28. | Overall forecast: Digital printing methods | 
| 1.29. | Overall forecast: Digital printing methods (proportion) | 
| 2. | INTRODUCTION | 
| 2.1. | Manufacturing printed electronics: An introduction | 
| 2.2. | Analogue and digital printing methods for electronics | 
| 2.3. | Improving speed and sustainability | 
| 2.4. | Design maturity of electronics manufacturing methods | 
| 2.5. | Combining multiple established manufacturing methodologies | 
| 2.6. | Scaling up printed electronics production: Transitioning from sheet-to-sheet to roll-to-roll manufacturing | 
| 2.7. | Ensuring reliability of printed/flexible electronics is crucial | 
| 2.8. | Conventional manufacturing methods best for complex multilayer circuits | 
| 2.9. | SWOT Analysis: Conventional electronics manufacturing | 
| 2.10. | Comparing benefits of conventional and printed/flexible electronics | 
| 3. | MARKET FORECASTS | 
| 3.1. | Market forecasting methodology | 
| 3.2. | Overall forecast: Analogue printing methods | 
| 3.3. | Overall forecast: Analogue printing methods (proportion) | 
| 3.4. | Overall forecast: Digital printing methods | 
| 3.5. | Overall forecast: Digital printing methods (proportion) | 
| 3.6. | Forecast: Printing methods for flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) | 
| 3.7. | Forecast: Printing methods for in-mold electronics (IME) | 
| 3.8. | Forecast: Printing methods for partially additive 3D electronics | 
| 3.9. | Forecast: Printing methods for e-textiles | 
| 3.10. | Forecast: Printing methods for circuit prototyping | 
| 3.11. | Forecast: Printing methods for printed sensors | 
| 3.12. | Forecast: Printing methods for electronic skin patches/wearable electrodes | 
| 3.13. | Forecast: Printing methods for flexible thin film PV | 
| 3.14. | Forecast: Printing methods for EMI shielding | 
| 3.15. | Forecast: Printing methods for antennas | 
| 3.16. | Forecast: Printing methods for RFID and smart packaging | 
| 4. | ROLL-TO-ROLL (R2R) MANUFACTURING | 
| 4.1. | Overview | 
| 4.1.1. | Motivation for R2R electronics manufacturing | 
| 4.1.2. | R2R vs S2S electronics: Fixed and variable costs | 
| 4.1.3. | R2R vs S2S electronics: Transition point | 
| 4.1.4. | Can R2R manufacturing be used for high mix low volume (HMLV)? | 
| 4.1.5. | What is the main commercial challenge for roll-to-roll manufacturing? | 
| 4.1.6. | Examples of R2R pilot/production lines for electronics | 
| 4.2. | R2R manufacturing: Technology | 
| 4.2.1. | Emergence of a contract manufacturer for flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) | 
| 4.2.2. | R2R manufacturing of flexible hybrid electronics at research centers | 
| 4.2.3. | Roll-to-roll production of nanomesh | 
| 4.2.4. | Integrating equipment from multiple suppliers makes R2R manufacturing challenging | 
| 4.2.5. | Web speed and yield | 
| 4.2.6. | Roll to roll (R2R) assembly | 
| 4.2.7. | Typical multicomponent R2R line for component placement | 
| 4.2.8. | Bridging the gap from lab to production for R2R electronics | 
| 4.2.9. | Increased interest in R2R equipment, especially high-resolution screen printing | 
| 4.2.10. | Coated substrates for printed electronics | 
| 4.2.11. | NIR heating for curing printed/flexible electronics | 
| 4.2.12. | In-line monitoring important for R2R manufacturing | 
| 4.2.13. | Applying 'Industry 4.0' to printed electronics with in-line monitoring | 
| 4.2.14. | Digitization facilitates 'printed-electronics-as-a-service' | 
| 4.2.15. | Readiness level: R2R manufacturing technologies | 
| 4.3. | R2R manufacturing: Applications | 
| 4.3.1. | Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing | 
| 4.3.2. | R2R manufacturing essential for mass adoption of smart packaging | 
| 4.3.3. | R2R printing of anisotropic conductive adhesive | 
| 4.3.4. | Cables manufactured with R2R etched copper (New Cable Corporation) | 
| 4.3.5. | Direct printed battery-on-flexible production for smart devices (CPI) | 
| 4.3.6. | Towards roll-to-roll printing for OPV | 
| 4.3.7. | First organic photodetector production line (ISORG) | 
| 4.3.8. | Commercial printed pressure sensors production via R2R electronics | 
| 4.3.9. | Flexible batteries produced via R2R manufacturing in development for smart packaging | 
| 4.4. | R2R Manufacturing: Summary | 
| 4.4.1. | Overview of R2R equipment providers for printed/flexible electronics | 
| 4.4.2. | SWOT Analysis: Roll-to-roll manufacturing | 
| 4.4.3. | Summary: Roll-to-roll manufacturing | 
| 5. | ANALOGUE PRINTING METHODS | 
| 5.1. | What is analogue printing? | 
| 5.2. | Analogue printing methods: Screen printing | 
| 5.2.1. | Increased demand for wearable/medical manufacturing leads to expansion plans | 
| 5.2.2. | Asada Mesh: Fine black stainless-steel mesh enables 22-micron screen printing resolution | 
| 5.2.3. | Applied Materials: High resolution screen-printing for wrap around electrodes | 
| 5.2.4. | Metafas: Screen printing manufacturer transitions to printed/flexible electronics | 
| 5.2.5. | SWOT Analysis: Screen printing | 
| 5.2.6. | Summary: Screen printing | 
| 5.3. | Analogue printing methods: Cliché based | 
| 5.3.1. | Introduction to cliché-based printing methods | 
| 5.3.2. | Direct printed metal mesh for transparent conductive films | 
| 5.3.3. | Offset printed metal mesh transparent conductive film | 
| 5.3.4. | High-resolution reverse offset printing (ROP) | 
| 5.3.5. | Applications of high-resolution reverse offset printing | 
| 5.3.6. | R2R ultrafine printing using 'seamless roller mold' | 
| 5.3.7. | How is the ultrafine feature R2R mold fabricated? | 
| 5.3.8. | Printed transparent metal mesh for backlit capacitive touch | 
| 5.3.9. | SWOT Analysis: Cliché-based printing methods (I) | 
| 5.3.10. | SWOT Analysis: Cliché-based printing methods (II) | 
| 5.3.11. | Summary: Cliché-based printing | 
| 5.4. | Analogue printing methods: Coating (blade, slot-die, spray) | 
| 5.4.1. | Blade coating is cheap but inconsistent | 
| 5.4.2. | Slot-die coating is promising for industry | 
| 5.4.3. | Spray coating - rapid but wasteful | 
| 5.4.4. | Jet Metal: Patterning 3D surfaces using patterning then spraying removes need for thermoformable/stretchable ink | 
| 5.4.5. | SWOT Analysis: Cliché-based printing methods (I) | 
| 5.4.6. | Summary: Coating methods (blade, slot-die, spray) | 
| 5.5. | Analogue printing methods: Summary | 
| 5.5.1. | Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods | 
| 5.5.2. | Benchmarking analogue printing methods | 
| 5.5.3. | Summary: Analogue printing methods | 
| 6. | DIGITAL PRINTING METHODS | 
| 6.1. | Overview | 
| 6.1.1. | Introduction to digital printing | 
| 6.1.2. | Digital printing spans multiple length scales | 
| 6.2. | Digital printing methods: Inkjet / extrusion | 
| 6.2.1. | Inkjet printing vs paste extrusion | 
| 6.2.2. | Inkjet printing for high spatial resolution | 
| 6.2.3. | Print-then-plate utilizes inkjet to produce a seed layer (I) | 
| 6.2.4. | Print-then-plate utilizes inkjet to produce a seed layer (II) | 
| 6.2.5. | A hybrid approach to making flexible circuits from copper ink | 
| 6.2.6. | Extruding conductive paste for antennas on 3D surfaces | 
| 6.2.7. | Extruded conductive paste for antennas | 
| 6.2.8. | Printing wiring onto 3D surfaces | 
| 6.2.9. | SWOT analysis: Inkjet (for printed/flexible electronics) | 
| 6.2.10. | Summary: Inkjet and extrusion | 
| 6.3. | Digital printing methods: laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) | 
| 6.3.1. | Laser induced forward transfer (LIFT): Combining the best of inkjet and laser direct structuring (LDS) | 
| 6.3.2. | Operating mechanism of laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) | 
| 6.3.3. | Comparing LIFT with other deposition methods | 
| 6.3.4. | Applications for LIFT | 
| 6.3.5. | Altana introduces laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) for printed/additive electronics (I) | 
| 6.3.6. | Altana introduces laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) for printed/additive electronics (II) | 
| 6.3.7. | IO-Tech launches its first laser induced forward transfer machine | 
| 6.3.8. | Keiron printing technologies | 
| 6.3.9. | Research center NAITEC develop LIFT for multilayer printing | 
| 6.3.10. | Overview of EHD system providers | 
| 6.3.11. | SWOT analysis: Laser induced forward transfer | 
| 6.3.12. | Summary: Laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) | 
| 6.4. | Digital printing methods: Aerosol printing | 
| 6.4.1. | Aerosol printing: An introduction | 
| 6.4.2. | Aerosol printing mechanism | 
| 6.4.3. | Aerosol deposition onto 3D surfaces | 
| 6.4.4. | Example of aerosol printed functionality | 
| 6.4.5. | Aerosol printing with atomization in the printhead reduces costs | 
| 6.4.6. | Aerosol deposition vs LDS (laser direct structuring) | 
| 6.4.7. | Varying line width to control resistance with aerosol printing | 
| 6.4.8. | Aerosol printed transistors: An early stage technology | 
| 6.4.9. | Aerosol printing of terahertz metamaterials | 
| 6.4.10. | Overview of aerosol printing system providers | 
| 6.4.11. | SWOT Analysis: Aerosol printing | 
| 6.4.12. | Summary: Aerosol printing | 
| 6.5. | Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing | 
| 6.5.1. | Electrohydrodynamic printing enables high resolution | 
| 6.5.2. | Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing from a multi-nozzle MEMS chip increases throughput | 
| 6.5.3. | EHD for microfluidics | 
| 6.5.4. | EHD for display manufacturing with emissive OLED materials and quantum dots | 
| 6.5.5. | Increasing interest in electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing | 
| 6.5.6. | SWOT Analysis: Electrohydrodynamic printing | 
| 6.5.7. | Summary: Electrohydrodynamic (EHD)  printing | 
| 6.6. | Digital printing methods: Other emerging approaches | 
| 6.6.1. | XTPL: Capabilities of high-resolution/high-viscosity printing system | 
| 6.6.2. | Viscosity vs feature size for high resolution printing | 
| 6.6.3. | Applications of high-resolution/high-viscosity UPD printing system | 
| 6.6.4. | SWOT Analysis: Ultra-precise deposition | 
| 6.6.5. | High resolution patterning from an adapted atomic force microscope (AFM) | 
| 6.6.6. | SWOT Analysis: AFM with ink dispensing | 
| 6.6.7. | Impulse printing could speed up ink deposition for 3D electronics | 
| 6.6.8. | SWOT Analysis: Impulse printing | 
| 6.6.9. | Summary: Other emerging digital printing methods | 
| 6.7. | Digital printing methods: Summary | 
| 6.7.1. | Emerging start-ups in microfabrication (I) | 
| 6.7.2. | Emerging start-ups in microfabrication (II) | 
| 6.7.3. | Benchmarking digital printing methods | 
| 6.7.4. | Technological and commercial readiness level of digital printing methods | 
| 6.7.5. | Summary: Digital printing methods | 
| 7. | VACUUM DEPOSITION | 
| 7.1. | Introduction to vacuum deposition for flexible electronics | 
| 7.2. | CreaPhys/MBraun: Controlling vapor-phase perovskite deposition with cooled evaporation chambers. | 
| 7.3. | Vacuum deposition is used for photovoltaics manufacturing | 
| 7.4. | Sputtering for high purity deposition | 
| 7.5. | VSParticle: Creation and deposition of nanoparticles made from a wide range of metals | 
| 7.6. | AACVD is an emerging solution-based vacuum approach | 
| 7.7. | How to decide on thin film deposition methods for PV? | 
| 7.8. | SWOT Analysis: Vacuum deposition | 
| 7.9. | Summary: Vacuum deposition | 
| 8. | ADDITIVE CIRCUIT PROTOTYPING | 
| 8.1. | Overview | 
| 8.1.1. | Additive circuit prototyping: An introduction | 
| 8.1.2. | Additive circuit prototyping landscape | 
| 8.2. | Additive circuit prototyping: 2D | 
| 8.2.1. | Prototyping 2D circuits with additive electronics | 
| 8.2.2. | Multilayer circuit prototyping | 
| 8.2.3. | Affordable pick-and-place for prototyping and small volume manufacturing | 
| 8.3. | Additive circuit prototyping: 3D | 
| 8.3.1. | 3D printed electronics extends 3D printing | 
| 8.3.2. | Fully 3D printed electronics | 
| 8.3.3. | Advantages of fully additively manufactured 3D electronics | 
| 8.3.4. | Making 3D electronics sustainable | 
| 8.3.5. | Neotech-AMT: Scaling up 3D electronics and improving sustainability | 
| 8.3.6. | Capabilities of Nano Dimension's dragonfly system (I) | 
| 8.3.7. | Capabilities of Nano Dimension's dragonfly system (II) | 
| 8.4. | Additive circuit prototyping: Summary | 
| 8.4.1. | Readiness level of additive circuit prototyping | 
| 8.4.2. | Summary: Additive circuit prototyping | 
| 9. | MOUNTING COMPONENTS | 
| 9.1. | Overview | 
| 9.1.1. | Mounting components on printed/flexible electronics: introduction | 
| 9.1.2. | What counts as FHE? | 
| 9.1.3. | Overcoming the flexibility/functionality compromise | 
| 9.1.4. | Volume production of flexible hybrid electronics | 
| 9.1.5. | Development of flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) beyond LEDs continues | 
| 9.1.6. | FHE value chain: Many materials and technologies | 
| 9.1.7. | SWOT Analysis: Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) | 
| 9.2. | Mounting components: Placement | 
| 9.2.1. | Combining printed and placed functionality | 
| 9.2.2. | Development from conventional boxed to flexible hybrid electronics will be challenging | 
| 9.2.3. | Hybrid printing methods can utilize the best of both approaches | 
| 9.2.4. | Mounting SMD components via roll to roll (R2R) manufacturing | 
| 9.2.5. | Pick-and-place flowchart: Challenges with flexible electronics | 
| 9.2.6. | Direct transfer can replace pick and place | 
| 9.2.7. | Direct die attach - an alternative to pick-and-place | 
| 9.2.8. | Laser transfer of LEDs and SMD components | 
| 9.2.9. | Flip chip bonding of integrated circuits on flexible substrates | 
| 9.2.10. | Self-assembly: An alternative pick-and-place strategy | 
| 9.3. | Mounting components: Attachment | 
| 9.3.1. | Durable and efficient component attachment remains an important topic in the development of FHE circuit. | 
| 9.3.2. | Low temperature solder enables thermally fragile substrates | 
| 9.3.3. | Substrate compatibility with existing infrastructure | 
| 9.3.4. | Low temperature solder could perform as well as conventional solder | 
| 9.3.5. | Low temperature solder may increase cost per PCB by extending reflow times | 
| 9.3.6. | Key ECA innovations reduce silver content | 
| 9.3.7. | Comparing component attachment types | 
| 9.3.8. | Photonic soldering gains traction (I) | 
| 9.3.9. | Photonic soldering gains traction (II) | 
| 9.3.10. | Solder free compliant flexible interconnects | 
| 9.3.11. | Attachment with thermo-sonic bonding | 
| 9.3.12. | Assessing flip-chip attachment on flexible substrates | 
| 9.4. | Mounting components: Summary | 
| 9.4.1. | Readiness level of methods for mounting components on flexible substrate | 
| 9.4.2. | Summary: Methods for mounting components on printed/flexible electronics | 
| 10. | COMPANY PROFILES | 
| 10.1. | Altana | 
| 10.2. | Applied Materials | 
| 10.3. | Asada Mesh | 
| 10.4. | BotFactory | 
| 10.5. | Ceradrop | 
| 10.6. | Coatema | 
| 10.7. | CPI | 
| 10.8. | Enjet | 
| 10.9. | Epishine | 
| 10.10. | FlexBright | 
| 10.11. | Fraunhofer FEP | 
| 10.12. | Henkel | 
| 10.13. | Holst Center | 
| 10.14. | Hummink | 
| 10.15. | Integrated Deposition Solutions | 
| 10.16. | IOTech | 
| 10.17. | ISORG | 
| 10.18. | Jet Metal | 
| 10.19. | Keiron Printing Technologies | 
| 10.20. | Muhlbauer | 
| 10.21. | Nano Dimension | 
| 10.22. | Neotech-AMT | 
| 10.23. | New Cable Corporation | 
| 10.24. | Novacentrix/PulseForge | 
| 10.25. | nScrypt | 
| 10.26. | NthDegree | 
| 10.27. | OLEDWorks | 
| 10.28. | Optomec | 
| 10.29. | PASS | 
| 10.30. | PolyIC | 
| 10.31. | PragmatIC | 
| 10.32. | PV Nano Cell | 
| 10.33. | Quad Industries | 
| 10.34. | Rohinni | 
| 10.35. | Screentec | 
| 10.36. | Scrona | 
| 10.37. | SIJ Technologies | 
| 10.38. | Sunew | 
| 10.39. | SysteMECH | 
| 10.40. | Terecircuits | 
| 10.41. | TF Massif | 
| 10.42. | TRAQC | 
| 10.43. | Voltera | 
| 10.44. | VSParticle | 
| 10.45. | VTT | 
| 10.46. | XTPL |