| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Cultured meat |
| 1.2. | A brief history of meat substitutes |
| 1.3. | The challenge of feeding a growing population |
| 1.4. | The environmental impact of animal agriculture |
| 1.5. | The world is unlikely to become vegetarian |
| 1.6. | The potential of cultured meat |
| 1.7. | The state of cultured meat |
| 1.8. | How is cultured meat made? |
| 1.9. | The four main factors in cultured meat production |
| 1.10. | 1) Starter cells |
| 1.11. | 2) Growth medium |
| 1.12. | 3) Bioreactors |
| 1.13. | Innovation in bioreactor technology |
| 1.14. | 4) Scaffolds and structures |
| 1.15. | Challenges in scaffolding |
| 1.16. | Challenges of scale up |
| 1.17. | The cultured meat industry is expanding |
| 1.18. | The emergence of a cultured meat value chain |
| 1.19. | Cultured meat producers by animal cells used |
| 1.20. | Cultured meat demonstration products |
| 1.21. | Evaluating a cultured meat company |
| 1.22. | Leading investments in cultured meat industry |
| 1.23. | Cultured meat industry total funding by region and key companies |
| 1.24. | Cultured meat market forecast by region, 2023-2033 |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1.1. | Chapter overview |
| 2.2. | The meat industry: An overview |
| 2.2.1. | The meat industry - An overview |
| 2.2.2. | The American meat industry - An overview |
| 2.2.3. | Meat production across the world |
| 2.2.4. | Demand in the developed world has mostly stagnated |
| 2.2.5. | Demand in the developing world is growing |
| 2.2.6. | Chicken is taking the lead |
| 2.2.7. | An overview of the seafood industry |
| 2.3. | Sustainability issues in the meat industry |
| 2.3.1. | The challenge of feeding a growing population |
| 2.3.2. | The challenge of feeding a growing population |
| 2.3.3. | Meat is an inefficient source of nutrition |
| 2.3.4. | The environmental impact of animal agriculture |
| 2.3.5. | Beef has the highest environmental impact |
| 2.3.6. | UN climate report and COP27 |
| 2.3.7. | Public health risks |
| 2.3.8. | COVID-19: The latest zoonotic disease stemming from the meat industry |
| 2.3.9. | The problem with seafood |
| 2.4. | Alternative proteins |
| 2.4.1. | The world is unlikely to become vegetarian |
| 2.4.2. | A brief history of meat substitutes |
| 2.4.3. | Plant-based meat |
| 2.4.4. | Challenges of plant-based meat |
| 2.4.5. | Structured and unstructured meat |
| 2.4.6. | Fermentation derived proteins |
| 2.5. | Cultured Meat |
| 2.5.1. | Cultured meat |
| 2.5.2. | The potential of cultured meat |
| 2.5.3. | The state of cultured meat |
| 2.5.4. | GOOD Meat by Eat Just - the first commercial product |
| 2.5.5. | Interest in cultured meat is growing |
| 2.5.6. | "Cultured meat", "cultivated meat", or "clean meat"? |
| 2.5.7. | The environmental impact of cultured meat |
| 2.5.8. | The environmental impact of cultured meat |
| 2.5.9. | The first cultured meat products |
| 2.5.10. | When will cultured meat be widely available? |
| 2.5.11. | Challenges facing the cultured meat industry |
| 3. | WHAT IS MEAT? |
| 3.1. | Chapter overview |
| 3.2. | The structure of meat |
| 3.3. | The structure of meat |
| 3.4. | Myocytes or myotubes |
| 3.5. | Myogenesis |
| 3.6. | Connective tissue - Fibroblasts and chondrocytes |
| 3.7. | Adipocytes |
| 3.8. | The importance of fat in meat |
| 3.9. | The extracellular matrix (ECM) |
| 3.10. | Texture in meat |
| 3.11. | The taste of meat |
| 3.12. | The nutritional profile of meat |
| 3.13. | Nutrient profiles of animal and plant-based proteins |
| 4. | MAKING CULTURED MEAT: A TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW |
| 4.1.1. | How is cultured meat made? |
| 4.1.2. | The four main factors in cultured meat production |
| 4.1.3. | Each component of cultured meat production is interdependent |
| 4.2. | Starter cells |
| 4.2.1. | Starter cells |
| 4.2.2. | Creating meat from cultured cells |
| 4.2.3. | Choosing the right starter cells |
| 4.2.4. | Embryonic stem cells |
| 4.2.5. | Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) |
| 4.2.6. | Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) |
| 4.2.7. | Myosatellite cells |
| 4.2.8. | Starter cell choice in making cultured meat |
| 4.2.9. | Myoblasts |
| 4.2.10. | Cultured fat |
| 4.2.11. | Beyond fat and muscle |
| 4.2.12. | Beyond fat and meat: Other case studies |
| 4.2.13. | Cell line banking |
| 4.2.14. | Cell line development - A key differentiator |
| 4.2.15. | Genetic engineering: A dirty word or a necessity? |
| 4.2.16. | Genetic engineering: Potential areas of development |
| 4.2.17. | Genetic engineering case study: UPSIDE Foods |
| 4.2.18. | Developing cell lines for different species |
| 4.2.19. | The unique benefits and challenges of cultured seafood |
| 4.3. | Growth medium |
| 4.3.1. | Growth medium |
| 4.3.2. | What's in growth medium? |
| 4.3.3. | The problem with growth medium |
| 4.3.4. | Fetal bovine serum (FBS) |
| 4.3.5. | Many companies struggle to move beyond FBS |
| 4.3.6. | Why is developing serum free media difficult? |
| 4.3.7. | What's in serum? |
| 4.3.8. | Why is growth medium so expensive? |
| 4.3.9. | What's in basal medium? |
| 4.3.10. | How cheap could growth medium be in the future? |
| 4.3.11. | How cheap could growth medium be in the future? |
| 4.3.12. | The seven scenarios for growth medium cost reduction |
| 4.3.13. | The seven scenarios for growth medium cost reduction |
| 4.3.14. | Costs under the seven scenarios |
| 4.3.15. | Are these scenarios realistic? |
| 4.3.16. | Decisions in media development |
| 4.3.17. | Growth medium optimisation |
| 4.3.18. | Innovation in growth media development |
| 4.4. | Bioreactors |
| 4.4.1. | Bioreactors |
| 4.4.2. | A cell culture bioreactor must meet these demands |
| 4.4.3. | Comparison between bioreactors |
| 4.4.4. | Major types of dynamic bioreactor |
| 4.4.5. | Each bioreactor type has advantages and disadvantages |
| 4.4.6. | Packed/fixed bed bioreactors |
| 4.4.7. | Packed bed bioreactors - The Pall iCELLis bioreactor |
| 4.4.8. | Fluidised bed bioreactors |
| 4.4.9. | Hollow fibre bioreactors |
| 4.4.10. | Disposable bag bioreactors (DBBs) |
| 4.4.11. | Disposable bag bioreactors (DBBs) |
| 4.4.12. | A comparison of single use bioreactors |
| 4.4.13. | Cell seeding in bioreactors |
| 4.4.14. | Bioreactor design - Lessons from other industries |
| 4.4.15. | Bioreactor optimisation |
| 4.4.16. | Innovation in bioreactor technology |
| 4.5. | Scaffolds |
| 4.5.1. | Scaffolds and structures |
| 4.5.2. | Considerations in scaffolds |
| 4.5.3. | The importance of the physical environment |
| 4.5.4. | Anchorage-dependent cells |
| 4.5.5. | Microcarriers |
| 4.5.6. | Process considerations for microcarriers |
| 4.5.7. | More complex scaffolding |
| 4.5.8. | Common polymer options for scaffold materials |
| 4.5.9. | Biomaterial considerations in scaffold design |
| 4.5.10. | Challenges in scaffolding |
| 4.5.11. | 3D bioprinting |
| 4.5.12. | 3D bioprinting of cultured meat |
| 4.5.13. | 3D printing of cultured meat: Case studies |
| 4.5.14. | Cultured meat in space |
| 4.6. | Commercial scale-up in cultured meat production |
| 4.6.1. | Challenges of scale up |
| 4.6.2. | Challenges of scale up: The lack of hardware |
| 4.6.3. | Challenges of scale up: Antibiotics |
| 4.6.4. | Design considerations in a scaled up plant |
| 4.6.5. | Design considerations in a scaled up plant |
| 4.6.6. | Bioreactor design considerations with scale |
| 4.6.7. | To scale-up or to scale-out? |
| 4.6.8. | Cost considerations of scale up - Growth media |
| 4.6.9. | The seven scenarios for growth medium cost reduction |
| 4.6.10. | Cost considerations of scale up - Growth media |
| 4.6.11. | Growth medium cost scenarios with different bioreactors |
| 4.6.12. | A scaled up cultured meat facility case study- BlueNalu |
| 4.6.13. | BlueNalu's scaled up facility design |
| 4.6.14. | Safety concerns in cultured meat |
| 4.6.15. | Is cost-effective production possible? |
| 4.6.16. | Improving the process economics of cultured meat production |
| 4.6.17. | Could genetic engineering help? |
| 5. | THE CULTURED MEAT INDUSTRY |
| 5.1. | Industry overview |
| 5.1.1. | State of the industry |
| 5.1.2. | The cultured meat industry is expanding |
| 5.1.3. | The emergence of a cultured meat value chain |
| 5.1.4. | The challenges of supplying the cultured meat industry |
| 5.1.5. | Companies in the cultured meat value chain |
| 5.1.6. | Major food companies are acting |
| 5.1.7. | Geographical distribution of cultured meat companies* |
| 5.1.8. | Geographical distribution of cultured meat producers |
| 5.1.9. | Cultured meat producers by animal cells used |
| 5.1.10. | Cultured meat producers by animal cells used |
| 5.1.11. | Cultured meat demonstration products |
| 5.1.12. | Cultured fat: An early market opportunity? |
| 5.1.13. | Blended hybrids: the first cultured meat products |
| 5.1.14. | Auxiliary markets and products |
| 5.1.15. | Evaluating a cultured meat company |
| 5.1.16. | Investments into the cultured meat industry by company 2015-2022 |
| 5.1.17. | Leading investments in cultured meat industry |
| 5.1.18. | Cultured meat industry and funding by region |
| 5.1.19. | Cultured meat industry total funding by region and key companies |
| 5.1.20. | The 10 most well-funded cultured meat companies |
| 5.1.21. | GOOD Meat by Eat Just - A viable commercial product? |
| 5.1.22. | Eat Just: A turbulent history |
| 5.1.23. | The Chicken by SuperMeat - The first restaurant serving cultured meat |
| 5.1.24. | The need for collaboration in the industry |
| 5.2. | Consumer attitudes to cultured meat |
| 5.2.1. | Will people eat a cultured burger? |
| 5.2.2. | Will people eat a cultured burger? |
| 5.2.3. | Factors impacting consumer acceptance |
| 5.2.4. | Consumer concerns around cultured meat |
| 5.2.5. | Consumer acceptance - Geographical considerations |
| 5.2.6. | Educating regulators and government |
| 5.2.7. | Cultured meat and religious restrictions |
| 5.2.8. | Could cultured meat find a home in Africa? |
| 5.3. | Regulatory landscape |
| 5.3.1. | Cultured meat regulations: European Union |
| 5.3.2. | EU Novel Food Regulations: Process overview |
| 5.3.3. | EU regulations: Labelling requirements |
| 5.3.4. | EU labelling regulations and cultured meat |
| 5.3.5. | EU regulations: GMOs and GMP guidelines |
| 5.3.6. | Are there signs of EU support for cultured meat? |
| 5.3.7. | Cultured meat regulations: USA |
| 5.3.8. | FDA and USDA joint agreement on cultured meat |
| 5.3.9. | FDA and USDA joint agreement on cultured meat |
| 5.3.10. | Labelling regulations in the USA |
| 5.3.11. | US standards of identity |
| 5.3.12. | The importance of labelling |
| 5.3.13. | The Alliance for Meat, Poultry and Seafood Innovation |
| 5.3.14. | Cultured meat: Similarities and differences between EU and US regulations |
| 5.3.15. | Singapore: The first home of cultured meat |
| 5.3.16. | Cultured meat regulations: Singapore |
| 5.3.17. | Cultured meat regulations: Hong Kong |
| 5.3.18. | Cultured meat regulations: China |
| 5.3.19. | Cultured meat regulations: Israel |
| 6. | CULTURED MEAT MARKET FORECASTS |
| 6.1. | Cultured meat market forecast by region, 2023-2033 |
| 6.2. | Cultured meat market forecast 2021-2033: Regional share |
| 6.3. | Cultured meat market forecast: Key factors |
| 6.4. | Conventional meat production volume forecast by region |
| 6.5. | Global conventional meat production volume forecast by animal |
| 6.6. | Global conventional meat market forecast by region |
| 6.7. | Global conventional meat market forecast by animal |
| 6.8. | The long-term view: Cultured meat market forecast, 2021-2043 |
| 6.9. | Cultured meat forecast 2021-2043: Structured vs unstructured meat |
| 7. | APPENDIX: DATA TABLES AND LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS |
| 7.1. | Cultured meat market forecast by region, 2023-2033 |
| 7.2. | The long-term view: Cultured meat market forecast, 2021-2043 |
| 7.3. | Cultured meat forecast 2021-2043: Structured vs. unstructured meat |
| 7.4. | Conventional meat production forecast by region |
| 7.5. | Global conventional meat production forecast by animal |
| 8. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 8.1. | Lab farm foods |
| 8.2. | Meatable |
| 8.3. | Meatable (update) |
| 8.4. | Higher steaks |
| 8.5. | Future meat technologies (rebranded to Believer Meats) |
| 8.6. | Mosa Meat |
| 8.7. | Mission barns |
| 8.8. | Avant |
| 8.9. | Gourmey |
| 8.10. | Upside Foods (Memphis Meats) |
| 8.11. | Orbillion Bio |
| 8.12. | Shiok meats |
| 8.13. | Integriculture |
| 8.14. | Merck |
| 8.15. | Cellularevolution |
| 8.16. | Mzansi Meat |
| 8.17. | Impossible Foods |
| 8.18. | Perfect day |
| 8.19. | Clara foods |
| 8.20. | Cubiq foods |
| 8.21. | Supermeat |
| 8.22. | Wildtype |
| 8.23. | Finless foods |
| 8.24. | Good Meat by Eat Just |
| 8.25. | Matrix F.T. |