| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 
| 1.1. | The challenge of feeding a growing population | 
| 1.2. | Meat is an inefficient source of nutrition | 
| 1.3. | The environmental impact of animal agriculture | 
| 1.4. | COVID-19: the latest zoonotic disease stemming from the meat industry | 
| 1.5. | The world is unlikely to become vegetarian | 
| 1.6. | A brief history of meat substitutes | 
| 1.7. | Plant-based meat | 
| 1.8. | Plant-based meat sales are growing | 
| 1.9. | The explosion in plant-based meat: why now? | 
| 1.10. | Challenges of plant-based meat | 
| 1.11. | The challenge of replicating meat protein | 
| 1.12. | How plant-based meat is made | 
| 1.13. | Extrusion: a key technology | 
| 1.14. | Plant-based meat only uses a few proteins | 
| 1.15. | Common proteins in plant-based meat | 
| 1.16. | Common proteins in plant-based meat - key | 
| 1.17. | Plant-based meat is expensive | 
| 1.18. | Price parity with meat is challenging | 
| 1.19. | Health is a major driver of consumer behaviour | 
| 1.20. | Why don't people eat plant-based meat? Consumer barriers | 
| 1.21. | Could COVID-19 accelerate the growth of plant-based meat? | 
| 1.22. | Investments in plant-based meat | 
| 1.23. | Major investments in plant-based meat companies | 
| 1.24. | Plant-based meats key players: top ten start-ups by funding | 
| 1.25. | Plant-based meat market forecast by region, 2021-2031 | 
| 1.26. | Plant-based meat market forecast, 2021-2031, market share of global conventional meat market | 
| 2. | INTRODUCTION | 
| 2.1. | The meat industry: an overview | 
| 2.1.1. | The meat industry - an overview | 
| 2.1.2. | The American meat industry - an overview | 
| 2.1.3. | Meat production across the world | 
| 2.1.4. | Demand in the developed world has stagnated | 
| 2.1.5. | Demand in the developing world is growing | 
| 2.1.6. | Chicken is taking the lead | 
| 2.1.7. | An overview of the seafood industry | 
| 2.2. | Sustainability issues in the meat industry | 
| 2.2.1. | The challenge of feeding a growing population | 
| 2.2.2. | Meat is an inefficient source of nutrition | 
| 2.2.3. | The environmental impact of animal agriculture | 
| 2.2.4. | Beef has the highest environmental impact | 
| 2.2.5. | Public health risks | 
| 2.2.6. | COVID-19: the latest zoonotic disease stemming from the meat industry | 
| 2.2.7. | The problem with seafood | 
| 2.3. | Alternative proteins | 
| 2.3.1. | The world is unlikely to become vegetarian | 
| 2.3.2. | A brief history of meat substitutes | 
| 2.3.3. | Plant-based meat | 
| 2.3.4. | Impossible Foods | 
| 2.3.5. | Plant-based meat sales are growing | 
| 2.3.6. | Challenges of plant-based meat | 
| 2.3.7. | Structured and unstructured meat | 
| 2.3.8. | Fermentation derived proteins | 
| 2.3.9. | Cultured meat | 
| 2.3.10. | Mosa Meat | 
| 2.3.11. | Memphis Meats | 
| 2.4. | Plant-based meat | 
| 2.4.1. | Could plant-based meat be the answer? | 
| 2.4.2. | A definition of plant-based meat | 
| 2.4.3. | What is plant-based meat? | 
| 2.4.4. | The explosion in plant-based meat: why now? | 
| 2.4.5. | The growing market for meat substitutes | 
| 2.4.6. | Veganism is becoming more popular | 
| 2.4.7. | Plant-based meat: not just for vegetarians | 
| 2.4.8. | SWOT analysis for novel vegan meat substitutes | 
| 3. | WHAT IS MEAT? | 
| 3.1. | Chapter overview | 
| 3.2. | The structure of meat | 
| 3.3. | Myocytes or myotubes | 
| 3.4. | Connective tissue - fibroblasts and chondrocytes | 
| 3.5. | Adipocytes | 
| 3.6. | The importance of fat in meat | 
| 3.7. | The extracellular matrix (ECM) | 
| 3.8. | The taste of meat | 
| 3.9. | Texture in meat - challenges of replicating with plants | 
| 3.10. | The nutritional profile of meat | 
| 3.11. | Nutrient profiles of animal and plant-based proteins | 
| 4. | PLANT-BASED MEAT: PRODUCTION PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES | 
| 4.1. | Making plant-based meat | 
| 4.1.1. | The challenge of replicating meat protein | 
| 4.1.2. | What's in plant-based meat? | 
| 4.1.3. | How plant-based meat is made | 
| 4.1.4. | The ecosystem around plant-based meat | 
| 4.1.5. | Production of plant-based meat: flow diagram | 
| 4.1.6. | Extrusion: a key technology | 
| 4.1.7. | Thermoplastic protein extrusion | 
| 4.1.8. | Extrusion of plant-based proteins | 
| 4.1.9. | Single-screw and twin-screw extruders | 
| 4.1.10. | Factors in extrusion | 
| 4.1.11. | High moisture extrusion | 
| 4.1.12. | Process improvements in extrusion | 
| 4.1.13. | Challenges in extrusion | 
| 4.1.14. | Extrusion is not the only method: power heating | 
| 4.1.15. | Shear cell technology | 
| 4.2. | Plant-based proteins | 
| 4.2.1. | Plant-based meat is not yet an agricultural focus | 
| 4.2.2. | Plant-based meat only uses a few proteins | 
| 4.2.3. | Soy protein | 
| 4.2.4. | Pea protein | 
| 4.2.5. | Wheat protein | 
| 4.2.6. | Common proteins in plant-based meat | 
| 4.2.7. | Common proteins in plant-based meat - key | 
| 4.2.8. | Combinations of plant proteins | 
| 4.2.9. | Plant proteins used in major retail brands | 
| 4.2.10. | Mycoprotein | 
| 4.2.11. | Novel plant proteins | 
| 4.2.12. | Eat Just: a turbulent history | 
| 4.2.13. | Plant-based meat: beyond the burger | 
| 4.3. | Emerging technologies | 
| 4.3.1. | Fermentation case study: soy hemoglobin | 
| 4.3.2. | Crop optimisation for plant-based meat | 
| 4.3.3. | Gene editing technology and plant-based meat | 
| 4.3.4. | What is CRISPR? | 
| 4.3.5. | Artificial intelligence in vegan meat substitutes | 
| 4.3.6. | Structured plant-based meat | 
| 4.3.7. | 3D printing plant-based meat | 
| 4.3.8. | Mycelium | 
| 4.3.9. | Atlast Food Co. | 
| 4.3.10. | Plant-based/cell-cultured hybrid products | 
| 4.3.11. | Plant-based/conventional meat hybrids | 
| 4.4. | Cost reduction in plant-based meat production | 
| 4.4.1. | Plant-based meat is expensive | 
| 4.4.2. | Price parity with meat is challenging | 
| 4.4.3. | The price of plant-based meat | 
| 4.4.4. | Cost reduction in plant-based meat | 
| 5. | CONSUMER AND REGULATORY ASPECTS | 
| 5.1. | Consumer factors | 
| 5.1.1. | Health is a major driver of consumer behaviour | 
| 5.1.2. | Consumer perceptions of plant-based meat | 
| 5.1.3. | Why don't people eat plant-based meat? Consumer barriers | 
| 5.1.4. | Is plant-based meat healthy? | 
| 5.1.5. | Taste and texture are key | 
| 5.1.6. | Is plant-based meat a fad? | 
| 5.1.7. | Soy is unpopular | 
| 5.1.8. | The impact of COVID-19 on plant-based meat | 
| 5.1.9. | Plant-based meat and COVID-19: consumer perceptions | 
| 5.1.10. | Could COVID-19 accelerate the growth of plant-based meat? | 
| 5.2. | Regulatory aspects | 
| 5.2.1. | EU labelling regulations and plant-based meat | 
| 5.2.2. | Labelling regulations in the USA | 
| 5.2.3. | US standards of identity | 
| 6. | THE PLANT-BASED MEAT INDUSTRY | 
| 6.1. | Investments and markets | 
| 6.1.1. | In the US, plant-based products form a $7 billion market | 
| 6.1.2. | Plant-based milk as a model for plant-based meat | 
| 6.1.3. | Investments in plant-based meat | 
| 6.1.4. | Major investments in plant-based meat companies | 
| 6.1.5. | Plant-based meats key players: top ten start-ups by funding | 
| 6.1.6. | Plant-based meat substitutes by category | 
| 6.1.7. | 2020 saw numerous product launches | 
| 6.1.8. | Plant-based meat key players: top ten US retail brands | 
| 6.1.9. | Industry interest in plant-based meat is growing | 
| 6.1.10. | Major food companies are acting | 
| 6.1.11. | Major food companies are launching competing brands | 
| 6.1.12. | Mergers and acquisitions in plant-based alternatives | 
| 6.1.13. | Fast food has been a major driver for plant-based meat | 
| 6.1.14. | The importance of store placement | 
| 6.2. | Regional considerations | 
| 6.2.1. | Unstructured meat dominates the US conventional meat market | 
| 6.2.2. | China's problem with meat consumption | 
| 6.2.3. | China and meat alternatives | 
| 6.2.4. | Europe and meat alternatives | 
| 7. | MARKET FORECASTS | 
| 7.1. | Plant-based meat market forecast by region, 2021-2031 | 
| 7.2. | Plant-based meat market forecast, 2021-2031, structured vs. unstructured meat products | 
| 7.3. | Plant-based meat market forecast, 2021-2031, market share of global conventional meat market | 
| 7.4. | Conventional meat production forecast by region | 
| 7.5. | Global conventional meat production forecast by animal | 
| 7.6. | Global conventional meat market forecast by region | 
| 7.7. | Global conventional meat market forecast by animal | 
| 8. | APPENDIX: DATA TABLES | 
| 8.1. | Plant-based meat market forecast by region, 2021-2031 | 
| 8.2. | Plant-based meat market forecast, 2021-2031, structured vs. unstructured meat products | 
| 8.3. | Conventional meat production forecast by region | 
| 8.4. | Conventional meat production forecast by region |