| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Agricultural biologicals |
| 1.2. | 21st century agriculture is facing major challenges |
| 1.3. | The environmental impact of fertilizers |
| 1.4. | Global pesticide use |
| 1.5. | Regulations around pesticides are getting harsher |
| 1.6. | The environmental impact of pesticides |
| 1.7. | Pesticide resistance |
| 1.8. | Agrochemicals are getting more expensive to develop |
| 1.9. | Why agricultural biologicals? |
| 1.10. | The range of agricultural biological products by function |
| 1.11. | Biostimulants |
| 1.12. | Effects of biostimulants on plants and evidence strength |
| 1.13. | Biopesticides |
| 1.14. | Biopesticides: pros and cons |
| 1.15. | Natural products - what constitutes a "biological"? |
| 1.16. | Natural product biostimulants |
| 1.17. | How can microbes be used in agriculture? |
| 1.18. | What are semiochemicals? |
| 1.19. | Semiochemicals: advantages and disadvantages |
| 1.20. | Macrobial biological control agents |
| 1.21. | Biological pest control: advantages and disadvantages |
| 1.22. | Regulations: overview |
| 1.23. | Biostimulants: the EU vs the US |
| 1.24. | Biopesticides: the EU vs the US |
| 1.25. | The biologicals market is fragmented |
| 1.26. | Biostimulants: company landscape |
| 1.27. | Biopesticides: company landscape |
| 1.28. | Global biostimulant market forecast by region |
| 1.29. | Global biostimulant market forecast by product type |
| 1.30. | Global biopesticide market forecast by region |
| 1.31. | Global biopesticide market forecast by product type |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | 21st century agriculture is facing major challenges |
| 2.2. | The environmental impact of fertilizers |
| 2.3. | What is crop protection? |
| 2.4. | Crop protection is a major industry |
| 2.5. | Global pesticide use |
| 2.6. | Trends in global pesticide use |
| 2.7. | Herbicides dominate pesticide usage |
| 2.8. | Regulations around pesticides are getting harsher |
| 2.9. | Regulations around pesticides are getting harsher |
| 2.10. | The environmental impact of pesticides |
| 2.11. | Agrochemicals are getting more expensive to develop |
| 2.12. | Roundup lawsuits: a potential blow for herbicides |
| 2.13. | Pesticide resistance |
| 2.14. | The problem with pathogens |
| 2.15. | Types of plant pathogens |
| 2.16. | Pathogens threaten global crops |
| 2.17. | Agricultural biologicals |
| 2.18. | Why agricultural biologicals? |
| 2.19. | The range of agricultural biological products by function |
| 2.20. | Biostimulants |
| 2.21. | Biostimulants: a broad landscape |
| 2.22. | Biofertilizers |
| 2.23. | Biopesticides |
| 2.24. | Defining biopesticides |
| 2.25. | Examples of biopesticides |
| 2.26. | Biopesticides: pros and cons |
| 2.27. | Agricultural biologicals as part of an IPM strategy |
| 3. | AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICALS BY CLASS |
| 3.1. | Natural products |
| 3.1.1. | Natural products - what constitutes a "biological"? |
| 3.1.2. | Natural product biostimulants |
| 3.1.3. | Commercial examples of natural product biostimulants |
| 3.1.4. | Plant responses to abiotic stress |
| 3.1.5. | Natural product biostimulants and drought |
| 3.1.6. | Natural product biostimulants and salt stress |
| 3.1.7. | Natural product biostimulants and temperature stress |
| 3.1.8. | Common natural product biostimulants: hypothesised modes of action, function and potential benefits |
| 3.1.9. | Seaweed and algal extracts |
| 3.1.10. | Humic and fulvic acids |
| 3.1.11. | Protein hydrolysates, amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids |
| 3.1.12. | From raw materials to biostimulant products |
| 3.1.13. | Valagro |
| 3.1.14. | Natural product herbicides in organic agriculture |
| 3.1.15. | Natural product herbicides in conventional agriculture |
| 3.1.16. | Natural product insecticides |
| 3.1.17. | Natural products for pathogen management |
| 3.1.18. | The plant immune system |
| 3.1.19. | Natural products for pathogen management |
| 3.1.20. | Future directions in natural product biopesticides |
| 3.1.21. | MoA Technology |
| 3.1.22. | The challenge of producing natural products |
| 3.1.23. | Varigen Biosciences |
| 3.1.24. | Biotalys |
| 3.1.25. | Vestaron |
| 3.1.26. | Challenges facing natural products in agriculture |
| 3.1.27. | Improved delivery methods |
| 3.1.28. | Developing improved delivery systems |
| 3.1.29. | Terramera |
| 3.1.30. | Vegalab |
| 3.1.31. | Ceradis |
| 3.1.32. | Crop Enhancement |
| 3.1.33. | RNA interference (RNAi) |
| 3.2. | Microbials |
| 3.2.1. | Good bacteria vs. bad bacteria |
| 3.2.2. | What is the plant microbiome? |
| 3.2.3. | Interactions between plants, microbes and soil |
| 3.2.4. | Manipulating the microbiome to improve crops |
| 3.2.5. | How can microbes be used in agriculture? |
| 3.2.6. | Academic examples of bacterial treatments for crop improvement |
| 3.2.7. | Indigo Ag |
| 3.2.8. | Microbial biostimulants and biofertilizers |
| 3.2.9. | Agrinos |
| 3.2.10. | Microbial biostimulants: a new use of an old idea |
| 3.2.11. | Nitrogen fixation in soybeans: a model microbial biostimulant |
| 3.2.12. | How should microbial biostimulants be used? |
| 3.2.13. | Nitrogen fixation in row crops: the holy grail for microbials |
| 3.2.14. | Pivot Bio |
| 3.2.15. | Pivot Bio PROVEN in field trials |
| 3.2.16. | Azotic Technologies |
| 3.2.17. | The importance of phosphorus in plants |
| 3.2.18. | Growcentia |
| 3.2.19. | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) |
| 3.2.20. | Symborg |
| 3.2.21. | Microbial biostimulants: growing pains |
| 3.2.22. | Formulation challenges |
| 3.2.23. | 3Bar Biologics |
| 3.2.24. | Microbial biopesticides |
| 3.2.25. | Examples of microbial biopesticides |
| 3.2.26. | Commercially available microbial bioinsecticides |
| 3.2.27. | Manipulating the microbiome is challenging |
| 3.2.28. | Mapping the microbiome |
| 3.2.29. | Evogene |
| 3.2.30. | Prebiotics in crop agriculture |
| 3.2.31. | Sound Agriculture |
| 3.2.32. | NewLeaf Symbiotics |
| 3.2.33. | The concept of soil health |
| 3.2.34. | The importance of diversity |
| 3.2.35. | Biome Makers |
| 3.2.36. | Thatchtec |
| 3.2.37. | Networking the microbiome |
| 3.2.38. | Concentric Agriculture |
| 3.2.39. | BioConsortia |
| 3.2.40. | BioConsortia - the AMS platform |
| 3.2.41. | Using the microbiome to improve disease resistance |
| 3.2.42. | AgBiome |
| 3.2.43. | Are major agricultural companies taking notice? |
| 3.2.44. | Joyn Bio |
| 3.2.45. | Ginkgo Bioworks |
| 3.2.46. | Ginkgo's automated approach to strain engineering |
| 3.2.47. | Zymergen |
| 3.2.48. | Is synthetic biology the right approach? |
| 3.3. | Semiochemicals |
| 3.3.1. | What are semiochemicals? |
| 3.3.2. | Insect control strategies using semiochemicals |
| 3.3.3. | Example use of semiochemicals: moth mating disruption |
| 3.3.4. | Semiochemicals: advantages and disadvantages |
| 3.3.5. | Overcoming the limitations of semiochemical use |
| 3.3.6. | ISCA Inc. |
| 3.3.7. | Provivi |
| 3.3.8. | BioPhero |
| 3.3.9. | EdenShield |
| 3.4. | Macrobials (biological control) |
| 3.4.1. | Biological pest control |
| 3.4.2. | Macrobial biological control agents |
| 3.4.3. | Biological pest control: advantages and disadvantages |
| 3.4.4. | Bionema |
| 3.4.5. | Viridaxis |
| 4. | REGULATIONS |
| 4.1. | Overview |
| 4.2. | Biostimulants |
| 4.2.1. | Biostimulants: the EU vs the US |
| 4.2.2. | USA: a lack of federal oversight |
| 4.2.3. | USA: confusion over product claims |
| 4.2.4. | USA: the need for better regulations |
| 4.2.5. | USA: signs of improvement? |
| 4.2.6. | European Union: incoming biostimulant regulations |
| 4.2.7. | EU: Key elements of the Fertilising Products Regulation |
| 4.2.8. | EU: Understanding the Fertilising Products Regulation |
| 4.2.9. | EU: Fertilising Products Regulation: implications for biostimulant product claims |
| 4.2.10. | Biostimulants: a global perspective |
| 4.3. | Biopesticides |
| 4.3.1. | Biopesticides: the EU vs the US |
| 4.3.2. | Regulating biopesticides in the US |
| 4.3.3. | Regulating biopesticides in the US |
| 4.3.4. | US: regulatory framework for biopesticide registration |
| 4.3.5. | Regulating biopesticides in the EU |
| 4.3.6. | Step 1 - approval of active substance for the whole EU |
| 4.3.7. | Step 2 - approval of Plant Protection Products (PPPs) in individual EU Member States |
| 4.3.8. | EU: basic and low-risk substances |
| 4.3.9. | EU: basic and low-risk substances - approval process |
| 4.3.10. | EU biopesticide regulations: fit for purpose? |
| 4.3.11. | Why hasn't low-risk registration helped? |
| 4.3.12. | EU biopesticide regulations: is there an opportunity? |
| 4.3.13. | The EU plans to lower pesticide usage by 50% |
| 4.3.14. | Biopesticide regulations: global perspective |
| 4.3.15. | Common issues in global regulation of biopesticides |
| 4.3.16. | China: biopesticide regulations |
| 4.3.17. | China: example data requirements for biopesticides |
| 4.3.18. | China: challenges in biopesticide registration |
| 4.3.19. | India: biopesticide regulations |
| 4.3.20. | India: a difficult region for biopesticides |
| 4.3.21. | Brazil: biopesticide regulations |
| 4.3.22. | Brazil: a push towards synthetics (and away from biologicals)? |
| 5. | INDUSTRY AND MARKET CONSIDERATIONS |
| 5.1. | The "Big Four" of agrochemicals: Bayer, BASF, Syngenta and Corteva Agriscience |
| 5.2. | Consolidation in the agrochemical and seed markets |
| 5.3. | Bayer Crop Science |
| 5.4. | BASF |
| 5.5. | Syngenta (ChemChina) |
| 5.6. | Biologicals start-ups backed by Syngenta Ventures |
| 5.7. | Corteva Agriscience |
| 5.8. | The biologicals market is fragmented |
| 5.9. | Biostimulants: company landscape |
| 5.10. | Biopesticides: company landscape |
| 5.11. | Plant Response Biotech |
| 5.12. | Is the Big Four getting involved? |
| 5.13. | Isagro |
| 5.14. | The challenge of market access |
| 5.15. | Marrone Bio Innovations |
| 5.16. | Koppert Biological Systems |
| 5.17. | The challenges of biostimulants |
| 5.18. | Effects of biostimulants on plants and evidence strength |
| 5.19. | The challenges of biopesticides |
| 5.20. | What makes a successful biopesticide? |
| 5.21. | Organic farming: a niche for biologicals? |
| 6. | FORECASTS |
| 6.1. | Agricultural biologicals - global market forecast |
| 6.2. | Global biostimulant market forecast by region |
| 6.3. | Global biostimulant market forecast by product type |
| 6.4. | Global biopesticide market forecast by region |
| 6.5. | Global biopesticide market forecast by product type |