| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | The evolving form factor of electronics |
| 1.2. | Technology Readiness Chart: by technology |
| 1.3. | Number of products containing stretchable electronic features |
| 1.4. | Revenue from stretchable electronics |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Definitions and inclusions |
| 2.2. | Stretchable electronics: Where is the money so far? |
| 2.3. | Why do we need stretchable electronics? |
| 2.4. | Characterising a stretchable substrate |
| 2.5. | Conformal electronic functionality on custom shapes |
| 2.6. | Smart skin |
| 2.7. | Megatrends |
| 2.8. | The megatrend towards ubiquitous electronics |
| 2.9. | Our ubiquitous electronics will be stretchable |
| 2.10. | Technology Readiness Chart: by technology |
| 3. | STRETCHABLE ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) |
| 3.1. | Electronic Textiles (E-Textiles) |
| 3.2. | Most conductive fibres are not stretchable (with exceptions) |
| 3.3. | Examples of traditional conductive fibres |
| 3.4. | Academic exceptions: UT, Dallas: SEBS / NTS stretchable wires |
| 3.5. | Academic exceptions: Sungkyunkwan University - PU & Ag nanoflowers |
| 3.6. | Academic exceptions:MIT: Stretch sensors using CNTs on polybutyrate |
| 3.7. | Yarns for stretchable electronics |
| 3.8. | Commercial wire-based stretchable yarns |
| 3.9. | Hybrid yarns can be conductive, elastic and comfortable |
| 3.10. | Conductive yarns from Natural Fibre Welding |
| 3.11. | Stretchable electronic fabrics |
| 3.12. | Examples of stretchable electronic fabric components |
| 3.13. | Teijin: Piezoelectric yarns for e-textiles |
| 3.14. | Teijin: electronics-on-a-pin for e-textiles |
| 3.15. | ITU: stretchable Ag NW fibres |
| 3.16. | Stretchable fabrics in e-textiles today |
| 3.17. | Design trends to accommodate stretchable electronics |
| 4. | STRETCHABLE CONDUCTIVE INKS |
| 4.1. | Stretchable inks: general observations |
| 4.2. | Stretchable conductive inks on the market (Jujo Chemical, Ash Chemical, EMS/Nagase, Toyobo, DuPont, Henkel, Panasonic, Taiyo, Cemedine, and so on) |
| 4.3. | Performance of stretchable conductive inks |
| 4.4. | Evolution and improvements in performance of stretchable conductive inks |
| 4.5. | The role of particle size and resin in stretchable inks |
| 4.6. | The role of pattern design in stretchable conductive inks |
| 4.7. | Washability for stretchable conductive inks |
| 4.8. | DuPont: latest progress in stretchable conductive inks |
| 4.9. | Encapsulation choice for stretchable inks |
| 4.10. | The role of the encapsulant in supressing resistivity changes |
| 4.11. | The role of a common substrate for stretchable inks in e-textiles |
| 4.12. | Graphene-based stretchable conductive inks |
| 4.13. | Graphene heaters in electronic textiles |
| 4.14. | Examples of stretchable conductive inks in e-textiles |
| 4.15. | Examples of e-textile sports products made using conductive yarns |
| 4.16. | PEDOT-impregnated fabric for e-textiles |
| 4.17. | CNT heaters for photovoltaic defrosting |
| 4.18. | DuPont: Application Examples |
| 5. | IN-MOLD ELECTRONICS: AN ASSESSMENT |
| 5.1. | What is in-mold electronics? |
| 5.2. | IME: 3D friendly process for circuit making |
| 5.3. | What is the in-mold electronic process? |
| 5.4. | Comments on requirements |
| 5.5. | Conductive ink requirements for in-mold electronics |
| 5.6. | New ink requirements: stretchability |
| 5.7. | Evolution and improvements in performance of stretchable conductive inks |
| 5.8. | Performance of stretchable conductive inks |
| 5.9. | The role of particle size in stretchable inks |
| 5.10. | The role of resin in stretchable inks |
| 5.11. | New ink requirements: portfolio approach |
| 5.12. | Diversity of material portfolio |
| 5.13. | New ink requirements: surviving heat stress |
| 5.14. | New ink requirements: stability |
| 5.15. | All materials in the stack must be reliable |
| 5.16. | Design: general observations |
| 5.17. | Expanding range of functional materials Here we will show that IME compatible functional materials are progressing beyond just conductive inks |
| 5.18. | Stretchable carbon nanotube transparent conducting films |
| 5.19. | Prototype examples of carbon nanotube in-mold transparent conductive films |
| 5.20. | Prototype examples of in-mold and stretchable PEDOT:PSS transparent conductive films |
| 5.21. | In-mold and stretchable metal mesh transparent conductive films |
| 5.22. | Other in-mold transparent conductive film technologies |
| 5.23. | Beyond IME conductive inks: adhesives |
| 5.24. | Towards more complex devices such as sensors, actuators and displays |
| 5.25. | Beyond conductive inks: thermoformed polymeric actuator? |
| 5.26. | Thermoformed 3D shaped reflective LCD display |
| 5.27. | Thermoformed 3D shaped RGD AMOLED with LTPS |
| 5.28. | Molding electronics in 3D shaped composites |
| 5.29. | Overview of applications, commercialization progress, and prototypes |
| 5.30. | In-mold electronic application: automotive |
| 5.31. | White goods, medical and industrial control (HMI) |
| 5.32. | Is IME commercial yet? |
| 5.33. | First (ALMOST) success story: overhead console in cars |
| 5.34. | Commercial products: wearable technology |
| 5.35. | Automotive: direct heating of headlamp plastic covers |
| 5.36. | Automotive: human machine interfaces |
| 5.37. | White goods: human machine interfaces |
| 5.38. | Functional material suppliers |
| 5.39. | In mold electronics: emerging value chain |
| 5.40. | Stretchable conductive ink suppliers multiply |
| 5.41. | IME conductive ink suppliers multiply |
| 5.42. | Competing Technologies |
| 5.43. | Printing directly on a 3D surface? |
| 5.44. | Aerosol: how does it work? |
| 5.45. | Applications of aerosol |
| 5.46. | Optomec: update on market leader |
| 5.47. | Molded Interconnect Devices: Laser Direct Structuring |
| 5.48. | Applications of laser direct structuring |
| 5.49. | Printed PCB: Progress towards rapid PCB prototyping using Ag nanoparticle inks |
| 5.50. | Printed PCB: New comers enter into 3D printed electronics |
| 5.51. | Transfer printing: printing test strips & using lamination to compete with IME |
| 5.52. | IME with functional films made with evaporated lines |
| 5.53. | Benchmarking different processes (IME, MID, 3DP, aerosol) |
| 6. | SUBSTRATES FOR STRETCHABLE ELECTRONICS |
| 6.1. | Substrate choice for stretchable electronics |
| 6.2. | Panasonic's stretchable insulating resin film with electronic circuits |
| 6.3. | Nikkan Industries: Stretchable substrate as alternatives to TPU |
| 6.4. | Panasonic: stretchable substrate |
| 7. | STRETCHABLE SENSORS |
| 7.1. | Introduction |
| 7.2. | High-strain sensors (capacitive) |
| 7.3. | Use of dielectric electroactive polymers (EAPs) |
| 7.4. | Players with EAPs: Parker Hannifin |
| 7.5. | Players with EAPs: Stretchsense |
| 7.6. | Players with EAPs: Bando Chemical |
| 7.7. | C Stretch Bando: Progress on stretchable sensors |
| 7.8. | Other force sensors (capacitive & resistive) |
| 7.9. | Force sensor examples: Polymatech |
| 7.10. | Force sensor examples: Sensing Tex |
| 7.11. | Force sensor examples: Vista Medical |
| 7.12. | Force sensor examples: InnovationLab |
| 7.13. | Force sensor examples: Tacterion |
| 7.14. | Force sensor example: Yamaha and Kureha |
| 7.15. | Force sensor examples: BeBop Sensors |
| 7.16. | Stretchability within skin patch sensors |
| 7.17. | Example: Stretchability in chemical sensors |
| 7.18. | Example: Stretchability in body-worn electrodes |
| 7.19. | Academic examples: UNIST, Korea |
| 7.20. | Academic examples: Stanford University |
| 7.21. | Academic examples: Bio-integrated electronics for cardiac therapy |
| 7.22. | Academic examples: Instrumented surgical catheters using electronics on balloons |
| 8. | THERMOFORMED POLYMERIC ACTUATOR |
| 8.1. | Thermoformed polymeric actuator? |
| 8.2. | Kurary: flexible transparent piezoelectric actuator films |
| 9. | ENERGY STORAGE: STRETCHABLE BATTERIES AND SUPERCAPACITORS |
| 9.1. | Realization of batteries' mechanical properties |
| 9.2. | Material-derived stretchability |
| 9.3. | Comparison between flexible and traditional Li-ion batteries |
| 9.4. | Device-design-derived stretchability |
| 9.5. | Cable-type battery developed by LG Chem |
| 9.6. | Electrode design & architecture: important for different applications |
| 9.7. | Large-area multi-stacked textile battery for flexible and rollable applications |
| 9.8. | Stretchable lithium-ion battery — use spring-like lines |
| 9.9. | Foldable kirigami lithium-ion battery developed by Arizona State University |
| 9.10. | Fibre-shaped lithium-ion battery that can be woven into electronic textiles |
| 9.11. | Stretchable Supercapacitors |
| 10. | STRETCHABLE ENERGY HARVESTING |
| 10.1. | Stretchable capacitive energy harvesting up to 1 kW? |
| 10.2. | Stretchable triboelectric energy harvesting |
| 10.3. | Piezoelectric nano-generators |
| 11. | STRETCHABLE OR EXTREMELY FLEXIBLE CIRCUITS BOARDS |
| 11.1. | Stretchable or extremely flexible circuit boards |
| 11.2. | Examples of thin and flexible PCBs in wearable and display applications |
| 11.3. | Examples of thin and flexible PCBs in various applications |
| 11.4. | Printed pliable and stretchable circuit boards |
| 11.5. | Stretchable meandering interconnects |
| 11.6. | Stretchable printed circuits boards |
| 11.7. | Examples of fully circuits on stretchable PCBs |
| 11.8. | Stretchable Electronics from Fraunhofer IZM |
| 11.9. | Stretchable actually-printed electronic circuits/systems |
| 11.10. | Island approach to high-performance stretchable electronics |
| 11.11. | Examples |
| 12. | STRETCHABLE BACKPLANES, DISPLAYS AND LIGHTING |
| 12.1. | Strategies towards stretchable backplanes and displays |
| 12.2. | Towards stretchable backplanes, displays, and lighting: Intrinsically stretchable materials |
| 12.3. | Stretchable electrophoretic display |
| 12.4. | Giant stretchability in electroluminescent (EL) light sources |
| 12.5. | Highly stretchable electroluminescent light |
| 12.6. | Stretchable polymeric LEC |
| 12.7. | Highly stretchable SWCNT thin film transistors |
| 12.8. | Highly stretchable printed TFT for OLED displays |
| 12.9. | Fully stretchable organic thin film transistors |
| 12.10. | Stretchable displays |
| 12.11. | Towards stretchable backplanes, displays, and lighting sources: Rigid islands connected by stretchable regions |
| 12.12. | Stretchable passive-matrix RGB LED display |
| 12.13. | A fully printed stretchable platform for electronics including LED matrix displays |
| 12.14. | General procedures of making high performance IGZO TFT on highly flexible substrate |
| 12.15. | Highly stretchable IGZO TFTs on stiffness-graded substrates |
| 12.16. | High performance IGZO TFTs with 50% stretchability |
| 12.17. | Towards stretchable backplanes, displays, and lighting: Wavy and/or pre-stretched substrates |
| 12.18. | Ultrathin stretchable polymeric OLED display |
| 12.19. | Highly stretchable IGZO TFTs on wavy elastomeric substrates |
| 13. | STRETCHABLE TRANSISTORS |
| 13.1. | Stretchable thin film transistors |
| 13.2. | Crystalline stretchable high-performance circuits |
| 13.3. | Examples of crystalline stretchable high-performance circuits |
| 13.4. | Latest progress with electronic skin |
| 13.5. | Artificial skin sensors based on stretchable silicon |
| 13.6. | Stretchable LED lighting arrays |
| 13.7. | Ultra-thin flexible silicon chips |
| 13.8. | Ultra thin silicon wafers: top-down thinning |
| 13.9. | Ultra thin silicon wafers: Silicon-on-Insulator |
| 13.10. | Ultra thin silicon wafers: ChipFilmTM approach |
| 14. | MARKETS |
| 14.1. | Key markets for stretchable electronics |
| 14.2. | Skin patches |
| 14.3. | Apparel |
| 14.4. | Other textile applications |
| 14.5. | Medical devices |
| 14.6. | Consumer electronic devices |
| 14.7. | Market pilots with early prototypes |
| 14.8. | The EC STELLA project |
| 14.9. | Pressure monitoring in an insole |
| 14.10. | Compression garments |
| 14.11. | Wireless activity monitor |
| 15. | FORECASTS |
| 15.1. | Number of products containing stretchable electronic features |
| 15.2. | Number of products: stretchable sensors |
| 15.3. | Number of products: stretchable connectors |
| 15.4. | Number of products: emerging stretchable components |
| 15.5. | Number of products: in mold electronics (IME) |
| 15.6. | Revenue from stretchable electronics |
| 15.7. | Revenue: Stretchable sensors |
| 15.8. | Revenue: Stretchable connectors |
| 15.9. | Revenue: Emerging stretchable components |
| 15.10. | Revenue: In mold electronics |
| 16. | COMPANY INTERVIEWS AND PROFILES |
| 16.1. | Agfa |
| 16.2. | Bando Chemical |
| 16.3. | Bebop Sensors |
| 16.4. | Breath |
| 16.5. | Canatu |
| 16.6. | Chasm |
| 16.7. | Clothing+ (Jabil) |
| 16.8. | CorTec GmbH |
| 16.9. | DuPont |
| 16.10. | EMS/ Nagase |
| 16.11. | Forciot Ltd |
| 16.12. | Forster Rohner Textile Innovations |
| 16.13. | Fujifilm |
| 16.14. | Fujikura Kasai |
| 16.15. | Henkel |
| 16.16. | Heraeus |
| 16.17. | Hexoskin |
| 16.18. | Hitachi Chemical |
| 16.19. | Holst Centre |
| 16.20. | Infinite Corridor Technology |
| 16.21. | Liquid Wire |
| 16.22. | mc10 |
| 16.23. | Nagase |
| 16.24. | Ohmatex |
| 16.25. | Panasonic |
| 16.26. | Piezotech |
| 16.27. | Poly-Ink |
| 16.28. | Polymatech |
| 16.29. | Sensing Tex |
| 16.30. | Showa Denko |
| 16.31. | StretchSense |
| 16.32. | Tactotek |
| 16.33. | Textronics (adidas) |
| 16.34. | T-Ink |
| 16.35. | Toray |
| 16.36. | Toyobo |
| 16.37. | University of Tokyo |
| 16.38. | Vista Medical |
| 16.39. | Wearable Life Sciences |
| 17. | APPENDIX |
| 17.1. | List of 25 universities mentioned in this report |
| 17.2. | List of 87 companies mentioned in this report |