| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Key Current & Future Photonic Integrated Circuits Applications |
| 1.2. | What are Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs)? |
| 1.3. | Electronic and Photonic Integrated Circuits Compared |
| 1.4. | Advantages and Challenges of Photonic Integrated Circuits |
| 1.5. | Integration schemes of PICs |
| 1.6. | Integrated Photonic Transceivers |
| 1.7. | Datacom PIC-based Transceiver Market Key Players |
| 1.8. | Roadmap for PIC-based Transceivers (chart) |
| 1.9. | Operational Frequency Windows of Optical Materials |
| 1.10. | Silicon and Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) |
| 1.11. | Silicon Nitride (SiN) |
| 1.12. | Indium Phosphide |
| 1.13. | Organic Polymer on Silicon |
| 1.14. | Thin Film Lithium Niobate |
| 1.15. | Barium Titanite and Rare Earth metals |
| 1.16. | IDTechEx Platform Score (Materials Benchmarked) |
| 1.17. | PIC Material Platforms Benchmarked (Visualized) |
| 1.18. | Photonic Integrated Circuit Market (Materials) |
| 1.19. | Total PIC-based Datacom Transceiver Market |
| 1.20. | PIC Transceivers for AI Units Forecast |
| 1.21. | PIC Transceiver for AI Cost per Gbps and Revenue |
| 1.22. | PIC-based Transceivers for 5G Forecasts (Revenue & Shipments) |
| 1.23. | PIC-based Transceivers for Telecoms (Revenue) |
| 1.24. | Quantum PIC Annual Revenue Forecast |
| 1.25. | Total PIC Market Data Table |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION AND KEY CONCEPTS |
| 2.1. | Technology Background |
| 2.1.1. | What is an Integrated Circuit (IC)? |
| 2.1.2. | What are Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs)? |
| 2.1.3. | Photonics versus Electronics |
| 2.1.4. | Electronic and Photonic Integrated Circuits Compared |
| 2.1.5. | Advantages and Challenges of Photonic Integrated Circuits |
| 2.1.6. | Silicon and Photonic Integrated Circuits |
| 2.1.7. | Key benefits of PICs |
| 2.2. | Photonic Integrated Circuit Key Concepts |
| 2.2.1. | Optical IO, Coupling and Couplers |
| 2.2.2. | Emission and Photon Sources/Lasers |
| 2.2.3. | Detection and Photodetectors |
| 2.2.4. | Compound Semiconductor Lasers and Photodetectors (III-V) |
| 2.2.5. | Modulation, Modulators, and Mach-Zehnder Interferometers |
| 2.2.6. | Light Propagation and Waveguides |
| 2.2.7. | Optical Component Density |
| 2.2.8. | Basic Optical Data Transmission |
| 2.2.9. | PIC Architecture |
| 3. | MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING |
| 3.1. | Wafers |
| 3.2. | Wafer sizes by platform |
| 3.3. | Integration schemes |
| 3.4. | Heterogenous Integration Techniques Compared |
| 3.5. | Micro-Transfer Printing for Heterogenous Integration of InP and Silicon Photonics |
| 3.6. | Operational Frequency Windows of Optical Materials |
| 3.7. | Important Wavelengths/Frequencies Summarized |
| 3.8. | Changing the Way Materials Behave in PICs |
| 3.9. | Research Institutions and PIC-only Foundries developing PICs (1) |
| 3.10. | Research Institutions and PIC-only Foundries developing PICs (2) |
| 3.11. | Research Institutions and PIC-only Foundries developing PICs (3) |
| 3.12. | Silicon and Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) |
| 3.13. | SOI and Silicon PIC Players |
| 3.14. | Silicon Semiconductor foundry in-house technologies |
| 3.15. | CEA-Leti's and imec's Latest SOI PIC developments |
| 3.16. | SOI Benchmarked |
| 3.17. | Silicon Nitride (SiN) |
| 3.18. | SiN PIC Players |
| 3.19. | SiN Key Foundries |
| 3.20. | Case Study: AEPONYX SiN PICs |
| 3.21. | SiN Benchmarked |
| 3.22. | Silicon (SOI and SiN) device heterogenous integration |
| 3.23. | Indium Phosphide |
| 3.24. | InP PIC Players |
| 3.25. | InP Manufacturing |
| 3.26. | Indium Phosphide Incumbent Integration Technologies (1) |
| 3.27. | Indium Phosphide Incumbent Integration Technologies (2) |
| 3.28. | InP Benchmarked |
| 3.29. | Organic Polymer on Silicon |
| 3.30. | Case Study: How is Organic Polymer PICs are Manufactured (Lightwave Logic) |
| 3.31. | Polymer on Insulator Benchmarked |
| 3.32. | Thin Film Lithium Niobate |
| 3.33. | How is TFLN Manufactured |
| 3.34. | TFLN Integration and Modulator Geometry |
| 3.35. | TFLN Benchmarked |
| 3.36. | Barium Titanite and Rare Earth metals |
| 3.37. | Case Study: Lumiphase BTO-enhanced PICs |
| 3.38. | Case Study: How BTO PICs are Manufactured (Lumiphase) |
| 3.39. | BTO Benchmarked |
| 3.40. | Materials Benchmarked |
| 3.41. | IDTechEx Platform Score (Materials Benchmarked) |
| 3.42. | PIC Material Platforms Benchmarked (Visualized) |
| 3.43. | The PIC Design Cycle: Multi-Project Wafers |
| 4. | APPLICATIONS |
| 4.1. | The Semiconductor Energy Crisis |
| 4.1.1. | Semiconductor related-energy consumption growing rapidly |
| 4.1.2. | Imec: CO2 emissions per logic technology node are doubling every 10 years |
| 4.1.3. | PICs to improve compute efficiency beyond Moore's law |
| 4.2. | Photonic Integrated Circuits for High-Performance Transceivers for Data Centers |
| 4.2.1. | How an Optical Transceiver Works |
| 4.2.2. | PICs for data communication |
| 4.2.3. | Integrated Photonic Transceivers |
| 4.2.4. | Which Transceivers are using PICs? |
| 4.2.5. | Current Trend: The AI Data Traffic explosion |
| 4.2.6. | PICs for 400G+ |
| 4.2.7. | Pluggable optics |
| 4.2.8. | 400G+ Pluggable Optic Form Factors |
| 4.2.9. | Datacom PIC-based Transceiver Market Key Players |
| 4.2.10. | Key Player Latest Datacom Transceivers Benchmarked |
| 4.2.11. | Linear Drive and Linear Pluggable Optics (LPO) |
| 4.2.12. | Roadmap for PIC-based Transceivers (chart) |
| 4.3. | Photonic Integrated Circuits for On-Device Interconnects |
| 4.3.1. | Interconnects |
| 4.3.2. | Overcoming the von Neumann bottleneck |
| 4.3.3. | Electrical Interconnects Case Study: Nvidia Grace Hopper for AI |
| 4.3.4. | Why improve on-device interconnects? |
| 4.3.5. | Improved Interconnects for Switches |
| 4.3.6. | Case Study: Ayer Labs TeraPHY |
| 4.3.7. | Case Study: Lightmatter's 'Passage' PIC-based Interconnect |
| 4.4. | Advanced Packaging and Co-Packaged Optics |
| 4.4.1. | Evolution roadmap of semiconductor packaging |
| 4.4.2. | Semiconductor packaging - an overview of technology |
| 4.4.3. | Key metrics for advanced semiconductor packaging performance |
| 4.4.4. | Four key factors of advanced semiconductor packaging |
| 4.4.5. | Overview of interconnection technique in semiconductor packaging |
| 4.4.6. | Roles of glass in semiconductor packaging |
| 4.5. | Hybrid integration: Co-Packaged Optics |
| 4.5.1. | The emergence of co-packaged optics (CPO) |
| 4.5.2. | Co-packaged optics for network switch |
| 4.5.3. | Pluggable optics vs CPO - 1 |
| 4.5.4. | Pluggable optics vs CPO - 2 |
| 4.5.5. | Optical dies integration for compute silicon |
| 4.5.6. | Future challenges in CPO |
| 4.5.7. | Co-packaging vs Co-packaged optics (CPO) |
| 4.5.8. | Co-packaged optics - package structure |
| 4.5.9. | Value proposition of CPO |
| 4.5.10. | Co-Packaged Optics (CPO), key for advancing switching and AI networks |
| 4.5.11. | Key technology building blocks for CPO |
| 4.5.12. | Key packaging components for CPO |
| 4.5.13. | Broadcom's CPO development timeline |
| 4.5.14. | Broadcom's CPO portfolio |
| 4.5.15. | Fan-Out Embedded Bridge (FOEB) Structure for Co-Packaged Optics |
| 4.5.16. | Glass-based Co-packaged optics - vision |
| 4.5.17. | Glass-based Co-packaged optics - Packaging structure |
| 4.5.18. | Glass-based Co-packaged optics - process development |
| 4.5.19. | Corning's 102.4 Tb/s test vehicle |
| 4.5.20. | Turn-Key solution required for CPO |
| 4.6. | Photonic Engines and Accelerators for AI and Neuromorphic Compute |
| 4.6.1. | Photonic Processors - Overview |
| 4.6.2. | Photonic Processing for AI |
| 4.6.3. | Programmable Photonics, Software-Defined Photonics, & Photonic FPGAs |
| 4.6.4. | Case Study: iPronics' Programmable PIC |
| 4.7. | Photonic Integrated Circuits for Quantum Computing |
| 4.7.1. | Introduction to Quantum Computing |
| 4.7.2. | Quantum computing - photonics |
| 4.7.3. | Overview of photonic platform quantum computing |
| 4.7.4. | Comparing key players in photonic quantum computing |
| 4.7.5. | PICs for Quantum |
| 4.7.6. | Trends for Quantum PICs at SPIE Photonics West 2024 |
| 4.7.7. | Photonic Integrated Circuits versus Optical Tables and Fixed Optics |
| 4.7.8. | Advantages of Photonic Integrated Circuits versus Optical Tables and Fixed Optics |
| 4.7.9. | CEA Leti's Goals for Quantum PICS |
| 4.7.10. | Quantum Photonic Building Blocks (imec) |
| 4.7.11. | Initialization, manipulation, and readout of photonic platform quantum computers |
| 4.7.12. | Which platform for quantum PICs? |
| 4.7.13. | Future PIC Requirements of the Quantum Industry |
| 4.7.14. | Roadmap for photonic quantum hardware (chart) |
| 4.7.15. | SWOT Analysis: Photonic Quantum Computers |
| 4.8. | Photonic Integrated Circuit-based Sensors |
| 4.8.1. | Opportunities for PIC Sensors: Biomedical |
| 4.8.2. | Market players developing PIC Biosensors |
| 4.8.3. | Opportunities for PIC Sensors: Gas Sensors |
| 4.8.4. | Market players developing PIC-based Gas Sensors |
| 4.8.5. | Opportunities for PIC Sensors: Structural Health Sensors |
| 4.8.6. | Market players developing Spectroscopy PICs |
| 4.9. | Photonic Integrated Circuit-based LiDAR |
| 4.9.1. | LiDAR in automotive applications |
| 4.9.2. | Opportunities for PIC Sensors: LiDAR Sensors |
| 4.9.3. | Core Aspects of LiDAR |
| 4.9.4. | Market players developing PIC-based LiDAR (1) |
| 4.9.5. | Market players developing PIC-based LiDAR (2) |
| 4.9.6. | LiDAR Wavelength and Material Trends |
| 4.9.7. | Major challenges of PIC-based FMCW lidars |
| 4.9.8. | E-Noses for Automotive |
| 5. | FORECASTS |
| 5.1. | Data Center Forecast Methodology |
| 5.2. | Global Data Center Population and AI Accelerator Unit Forecasts |
| 5.3. | Global Data Center Population and AI Accelerator Unit Forecast Data Tables |
| 5.4. | Optical Transceivers per AI Accelerator (Methodology) |
| 5.5. | PIC Transceivers for AI Units Forecast |
| 5.6. | PIC Transceiver for AI Cost per Gbps and Market |
| 5.7. | PIC Transceivers for AI Cost Forecasts (Units and Market) with Data Tables |
| 5.8. | Total PIC-based Datacom Transceiver Market |
| 5.9. | PIC-based Transceivers for 5G Forecast (Units and Market) |
| 5.10. | PIC-based Transceivers for Telecoms Market |
| 5.11. | Quantum PIC Market Forecast |
| 5.12. | PIC-based Sensor Market Forecast |
| 5.13. | PIC-based LiDAR Market Forecast |
| 5.14. | Photonic Integrated Circuit Market (Materials) |
| 5.15. | PIC Technology Market (Disaggregated by Material) Data Table |
| 5.16. | Total PIC Market Data Table |
| 6. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 6.1. | Company Profiles and Articles included with this report |